Clin DX LAB: Exam + Practical 1

Lab safety, urinalysis

What things are considered biohazards?

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or any human body fluids

Define Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP)

microorganisms that may be transmitted through direct contact with contaminated blood, bodily fluids, or tissues

What is the BBP Standard? What is it for?

establishes safeguards for health hazards related to bloodborne pathogens. Purpose is to Eliminate or minimize exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials of human origin (OPIM) Protect employees/students who can “reasonably anticipate” contact with human blood and OPIM.

What is the leading occupational disease in the U.S?

Hep B

Define Work Practice Controls in regards to Biohazard Safety

Tasks that are performed in a designated way to minimize or eliminate hazards

Define Engineering Controls

Designs or modifications to equipment that protect people from hazardous conditions by placing a barrier that reduces the risk of exposure

What are (5) Examples of Engineering Controls in the lab?

Sharps disposal Containers, Biological Step Cans, Biosafety Cabinets, Autoclave, Centrifuges with locking lids

What goes in the Bench-top Safe Keepers? (Biohazard Safety) (5)?

Anything sharp & contaminated with bacteria/blood/OPIM, Wooden applicator sticks, Glass slides, Cotton swabs, Inoculating loops

What goes into the Biological Step Cans? (Biohazard Safety) (4)

Petri plates, Grossly contaminated gloves, Transfer pipettes, Agglutination cards

What goes in the regular trash in the lab? (3)

Gloves, Paper towels, Miscellaneous items not contaminated with bacteria/blood/OPIM

Where is all chemical waste disposed of in the lab?

a screw cap container in the Satellite Accumulation Area (SAA)

What are the 3 things required for a Satellite Accumulation Area (SAA)?

Cap should be in place when not in use, Waste container must be in secondary container, Full chemical name listed on Waste Sticker

What are the 3 parts of urinalysis?

Physical, Chemical, Microscopic

What does a red color indicate in urinalysis?

hematuria

What does a dark brown color indicate in urinalysis?

bilirubin

What reagent tests for in glucose a Dipstick Urinalysis?

glucose oxidase

What reagent tests for Ketones in a Dipstick Urinalysis?

Sodium nitroprusside

What reagent tests for pH in a Dipstick Urinalysis?

Bromothymol blue

What reagent tests for White Blood Cells in a Dipstick Urinalysis?

leukocyte esterase

What reagent tests for Bacterial Infections in a Dipstick Urinalysis?

Nitrite

What do elevated RBCs in a microscopic analysis of urine indicate?

injury

What do elevated WBCs in a microscopic analysis of urine indicate?

infection

What do casts in a microscopic analysis of urine indicate?

renal issues

What do crystals in a microscopic analysis of urine indicate? (2)

metabolic issues or kidney stones

What is a positive control for a clinical test?

confirm that tests detect the target analyte by producing a known positive result, ensuring reagents and equipment work correctly.

What is a negative control for a clinical test?

A sample that is known to be negative for whatever chemical is present confirm that reagents or procedures do not cause false positives

What is the normal pH range for urine?

4.6-8

What do elevated Ketone levels in urine indicate? (2)

Starvation, uncontrolled diabetes

What do elevated Protein levels in urine indicate? (3)

Kidney disease, prerenal disorders, lower UT disorders

What do elevated Blood levels in urine indicate? (2)

Trauma or infection

What do elevated Nitrites/ Leukocytes levels in urine indicate? (1)

Urinary tract infection

What is the Gastroccult? What does it test for? (2)

It is an additional guaiac screening test for detecting occult blood and determining ph levels in gastric aspirates

What does a positive Gastroccult test indicate?

 bleeding in the stomach or upper GI due to conditions like gastritis, gastric ulcers, or esophageal varices

What does a low pH on a Gastroccult test mean?

Low pH is normal for gastric content, but too low might exacerbate peptic ulcers

What does a high pH result mean on a Gastroccult test? (1)

could be linked to gastritis of H. pylori infection

Why is it important to use both a Hemoccult and Gastroccult test?

it helps localize gastrointestinal bleeding to either upper, lower, or all GI tracts

How do you balance a centrifuge, like what is the general Tennant?

To balance the centrifuge, in the centrifuge cup opposite to the material to be centrifuged, a container of equivalent size and shape with an equal volume of liquid of the same specific gravity as the load must be placed (for most labs this can just be water)

What is the rule of thumb when it comes to selecting the correct micropipette? Why is this the case?

always choose the smallest pipette capable of handling the required volume. This is important because accuracy decreases when the set volume is close to the pipette's minimum capacity

Where do you want to analyse a blood sample on a peripheral blood smear? Where do you NOT?

The reading area, not on the feathered edge or monolayer

What is the HLA lab?

Transplant compatibility