AP 2 exam blood

functions of blood

1. transport gas, nutrients hormones, and waste

2. regulating pH and ion comp of interstitial fluid

3. restricting fluid loss by blood clotting

4. immune defense

5. stabilize body temp

What is plasma mostly made of ? what percent?

water (92%)

What else is plasma made of besides water? what percent?

protein= 7%

solute= 1%

What are the 3 main plasma proteins? What percent?

albumins= 60

globulins= 35

fibrinogen= 4

Which plasma protein is a major contributor to osmotic pressure and transports fatty acid and T4?

albumins

What plasma protein serves as immune proteins and transports?

globulins

What organ produces majority of plasma protein?

liver

What are some of the solutes in plasma?

1. elctrolytes

2. organic nutrients

3. organic wastes

A typical sample of blood contains what?

1. plasma

2. red blood cells

3. white blood cells

4. platelets

What is the main component of the formed elements of blood? What percent

RBC 99%

What are the 5 types of WBC? What percent?

1. neutophils= 50-70

2. lymphocytes= 20-30

3. monocytes= 2-8

4. eosinophil= 2-4

5. basophil

Are platelets nucleated in humans?

NOOO

What is another name for RBC? WBC?

erythrocytes; leukocytes

What are the 3 general characteristics?

1. normal temp= 100.4 F

2. high viscosity

3. slight alkaline pH 7.35-7-45

What is the average blood pH?

7.4

acidosis

too much acid in blood

What are characteristics of RBC?

1. biconcave disc

2. form stacks

3. large volume and flexible

4. no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes

What is RBC count for men vs women ?

man: 4.5-6.3

woman: 4.2-5.5

Hematocrit

percentage of formed elements in whole blood volume

What is the average hematocrit percent for men vs women?

men= 45%

women= 40%

Why do the differences in hematocrit percent exist?

men have more b/c of androgen hormones and women lose blood w/ periods so less blood volume

What is the major protein of a RBC? What does it do?

hemoglobin; transport O2 and CO2

How many alpha and beta chains are in a hemoglobin?

2 alpha and 2 beta

What do the heme groups of hemoglobin carry to bind with oxygen?

iron

Oxyhemoglobin

oxygenated blood, bright red

Deoxyhemoglobin

deoxygenated blood, dark red

A man typically has about 14-18 g/dL of hemoglobin while a woman has …

12-16 g/dL

What are 2 causes of anemia?

1. Hematocrit percent is low due to low RBC count

2. Hemoglobin amount is low in the RBCs

What organs are in involved in turnover of RBCs?

1. bone marrow

2. macrophages in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

3. liver

4. small and large intestine

5. kidney

Turnover of RBC: bone marrow

produce RBCs that are released into blood

Turnover of RBC: macrophages

1. heme breaks down to iron

2. heme breaks down to bilirubin

3. globins convert to amino acids

turnover of RBCs: liver

removes bilirubin to bile

turnover of RBC: small and large intestine

1. absorb iron

2. excrete bile in feces

turnover of RBCs; kidneys

1. produce hormones

2. excrete bile and bilirubin in urine

Jaundice

bile duct blockage or liver disease that causes yellow skin or eyes