AP 2 exam blood

functions of blood

1. transport gas, nutrients hormones, and waste

2. regulating pH and ion comp of interstitial fluid

3. restricting fluid loss by blood clotting

4. immune defense

5. stabilize body temp

What is plasma mostly made of ? what percent?

water (92%)

What else is plasma made of besides water? what percent?

protein= 7%

solute= 1%

What are the 3 main plasma proteins? What percent?

albumins= 60

globulins= 35

fibrinogen= 4

Which plasma protein is a major contributor to osmotic pressure and transports fatty acid and T4?

albumins

What plasma protein serves as immune proteins and transports?

globulins

What organ produces majority of plasma protein?

liver

What are some of the solutes in plasma?

1. elctrolytes

2. organic nutrients

3. organic wastes

A typical sample of blood contains what?

1. plasma

2. red blood cells

3. white blood cells

4. platelets

What is the main component of the formed elements of blood? What percent

RBC 99%

What are the 5 types of WBC? What percent?

1. neutrophils= 50-70

2. lymphocytes= 20-30

3. monocytes= 2-8

4. eosinophil= 2-4

5. basophil= 1

Are platelets nucleated in humans?

NOOO

What is another name for RBC? WBC?

erythrocytes; leukocytes

What are the 3 general characteristics of blood?

1. normal temp= 100.4 F

2. high viscosity

3. slight alkaline pH 7.35-7.45

What is the average blood pH?

7.4

acidosis

too much acid in blood

What are characteristics of RBC?

1. biconcave disc

2. form stacks

3. large volume and flexible

4. no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes

What is RBC count for men vs women ?

man: 4.5-6.3

woman: 4.2-5.5

Hematocrit

percentage of formed elements in whole blood volume

What is the average hematocrit percent for men vs women?

men= 45%

women= 40%

Why do the differences in hematocrit percent exist?

men have more b/c of androgen hormones that stimulate RBC formation and regulate blood pressure, while women lose blood w/ periods so less blood volume

What is the major protein of a RBC? What does it do?

hemoglobin; transport O2 and CO2

How many alpha and beta chains are in a hemoglobin?

2 alpha and 2 beta

What do the heme groups of hemoglobin carry to bind with oxygen?

iron

Oxyhemoglobin

oxygenated blood, bright red

Deoxyhemoglobin

deoxygenated blood, dark red

A man typically has about 14-18 g/dL of hemoglobin while a woman has …

12-16 g/dL

What are 2 causes of anemia?

1. Hematocrit percent is low due to low RBC count

2. Hemoglobin amount is low in the RBCs

What organs are in involved in turnover of RBCs?

1. bone marrow

2. macrophages in liver, spleen, and bone marrow

3. liver

4. small and large intestine

5. kidney

Turnover of RBC: bone marrow

produce RBCs that are released into blood

Turnover of RBC: macrophages

1. heme breaks down to iron

2. heme breaks down to bilirubin

3. globins convert to amino acids

turnover of RBCs: liver

removes bilirubin to bile

turnover of RBC: small and large intestine

1. absorb iron

2. excrete bile in feces

turnover of RBCs; kidneys

1. produce hormones (calcitriol)

2. excrete bile and bilirubin in urine

Jaundice

bile duct blockage or liver disease that causes yellow skin or eyes

What is the life span of RBCs?

120 days

What transports Fe from the macrophage to the bone marrow?

transferrin

What are the byproducts of heme breakdown?

1. Fe

2. Biliverdin

3. Bilirubin

What does bilirubin bind to in the blood?

albumin

What is the stem cell for the blood cells?

hemocytoblasts

RBC formation

erythro-poiesis

Another word for platelet

Thrombocytes

Where are RBCs created in the first 2 months?

embryonic yolk sac

Where are RBCs created in the 2nd to 5th month?

liver and spleen

Where are RBCs created in the 5th month to adult?

red bone marrow

What are the required molecules for RBC formation?

1. amino acids

2. iron

3. B vitamins

4. hormones

M-CSF

monocyte-colony-stimulating factor

G-CSF

granulocyte CSF

GM-CSF

granulocyte and monocyte CSF

Multi-CSF

all blood cells excepts lymphocytes

Erythropoietin

EPO; hormone made in kidney that helps with blood cell growth

What is a medical use of erythropoietin?

treating decreased RBC production of end stage kidney disease

What does chemotherapy do?

stimulate WBC formation, while killing bone marrow

Stages of RBC maturation

1. hemocytobast

2. myeloid stem cell

3. proerythroblast

4. erythroblast

5. reticulocyte

6. mature RBC

When do RBCs become mature?

When reticulocytes enter the blood

Do WBCS have nuclei and organelles?

YES

What is the ratio of RBC/ WBC?

1000 : 1

Which blood cell can do phagocytosis?

WBC

Phagocytosis

process of engulfing pathogens or cells debris

Which WBCs are macrophages?

monocytes

Which WBCs are microphages?

neutrophils and eosinophils

Diapedesis

migration of WBCs out of blood vessels

TRUE OR FALSE: lymphocytes work for non specific defenses, while the other types of specific activities.

FALSE, the opposite

Differential count

method that separates the 5 types of WBCs and indicates their percentage

Life span of platelets

7-12 days

Which leukocyte lasts the longest?

lymphocytes

Life of neutrophil

minutes to days

Life span of lymphocyte

months to decades

Life span of monocyte

months

Life span of eosinophils

minutes to days

Life span of basophils

days

The total blood volume is about __ % od body weight in kg

7

How to calculate total blood volume from pounds?

1. Lbs/ 2.2 = Kg

2. Kg x 0.07= L

3. L x 1000= mL

What is the average number of RBCs?

5.2 million

What is the average number of WBCs?

7000

What are some characteristics of WBCs?

1. can migrate out of bloodstream

2. have amoeboid movement

3. attracted to chemical stimuli

4. some are phagocytic

Another name for neutrophil

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Neutrophil %

50-70

Acute Leukemia

A cancer that occurs by uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes that crowd out normal red bone marrow cells and prevent production of RBC and platelets

Chronic leukemia

A cancer that occurs by accumulation of mature monocyte or lymphocytes in bloodstream

What happens at low oxygen to the blood cells of those with sickle cell?

The RBCs can change shape and become sharply curved

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetic defect in hemoglobin in that changes 2 amino acids on beta chain; characterized by sickle shaped cells that can cause anemia and clots from ruptures

What’s the benefit of the sickle cell trait?

increased malaria resistance because of K+ leakage that kills parasite

Thalassemia

deficiency of alpha or beta, or both chains of hemoglobin

Anemia

not enough RBCs

Iron deficiency

lack of absorption or loss of iron

Anemia symptoms

1. oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced

2. fatigue

3. cold intolerance

4. paleness

5. lack of O2 for ATP and heat production

Where are platelets formed?

megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Platelet life span

5-9 days

Steps by cell type of platelet formation

1. myeloid stem cells

2. megakaryocyte-colony forming cells

3. megakaryoblast

4. megakaryocytes

Hemophilia

Inherited deficiency of clotting factors leading to spontaneous bleeding, hemorrhaging, nosebleeds etc,

What factor does Hemophilia A lack? Who is affected?

factor VIlI ; males

What factor does Hemophilia B lack? Who is affected?

factor IX (9); males

What factor does Hemophilia C lack? Who is affected?

factor XI (11); males and females

Which form of Hemophilia is least severe and why?

C; alternate clotting activators exists

Which WBCs are granulocytes? (granular)

1. neutrophils

2. basophils

3. eosinophils

Which WBCS are agranulocytes? (not granular)

1. monocytes

2. lymphocytes

TRUE OR FALSE: neutrophils are very active, the first to attack bacteria and engulf pathogens with lysosome enzyme

TRUE

What is contained in neutrophils?

1. granules

2. lysosome enzymes

3. bactericides