Exam 1 Review

These flashcards cover key vocabulary related to intermolecular forces, phase changes, and properties of solutions.

Intramolecular Forces

Forces that exist within a molecule, such as covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds, that hold the molecule together.

Intermolecular Forces (IMF)

Attractions between molecules that are generally weaker than intramolecular forces but vary widely in strength.

London Dispersion Forces

The weakest type of intermolecular force, existing in all molecules, and resulting from temporary dipoles.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules, where partially positive and negative regions of molecules attract each other.

Hydrogen Bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen.

Ion-Dipole Forces

The interactions that occur between an ion and a polar molecule.

Phase Change

The transformation of a substance from one state of matter to another, such as solid to liquid or liquid to gas.

Endothermic Process

A process that absorbs heat from the surroundings, such as melting or evaporation.

Exothermic Process

A process that releases heat to the surroundings, such as condensation or freezing.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

An equation relating the pressure and temperature of a substance during phase changes.

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles in a solution, including boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.

Molarity (M)

A measure of concentration defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molality (m)

A measure of concentration defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Henry’s Law

A law stating that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.

Colloid

A mixture where tiny particles are dispersed in a medium, intermediate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Coagulation

The process of destruction of a colloid, often achieved by heating or adding an electrolyte.