PSYC 1001-Module 7

what makes something abnormal?

maladaptive, distressing, different from the norm TO AN EXTENT

DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

consensus of professional research in the field of psychology, includes close to 300 disorders

epidemiological studies

study random sample, generalize to population

what is the percentage rate of someone having a mental illness in any point of their life?

46%

percentage of someone having an alcohol or drug abuse illness

15%

percentage of anxiety disorder

29%

percentage of mood disorder

21%

percentage of schizophrenia

1%

comorbidity

when an individual meets criteria for more than one disorder

percentage of who had suffered from a mental health disorder that did not receive treatment in the last year

59%

what percentage of people with a mental illness said they don’t have access to treatment

23%

COVID_19 AND MENTAL HELATH IN YOUNG ADULTS VID

half of gen-z teens reported that the pandemic makes planning for their future feel impossible, people already going through mental health disorders suffered a huge increase in symptoms during the pandemic

stigma

refers to the destructive beliefs and attitudes held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered different in some manner

four characteristics of stigma

a label is applied to a group of people that distinguished them from others, the label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributed by society, people with the label are seen as essentially different from those without the label which contributed to an “us” vs. “them” mentality, and people with the label are discriminated against unfairly

has stigma decreased as neurobiolgical causes have been discovered?

no

study on are those with mental illness dangerous and violent?

1,000 mental patients after they have been discharged with those without a mental illness in the same neighborhood, there was a slight increase of risk of violence is person has delusions or hallucination, those with mental illness are more likely to be victims of violence rather than the perpetrators

anxiety disorders

main symptom is fear that is out of proportion to or inconsistent with the environment

healthy anxiety verses maladaptive anxiety

one is a warning system/fight or fight of flight response and the other is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive

panic disorder

characterized by presence of panic attacks (include heart palpitations, sweating, chest pains, dizziness, and difficult breathing

triple vulnerabilities model and panic disorders

genetics, feeling out of control, misinterpretation of physical sensations

PANIC SX VID

panic attack=emergency reaction occurring at the wrong time, followed teresa and other guy who wanted to play a sport for college

three important factors of what makes something a phobia

intense fear of some object or situation, avoidance of the phobic stimulus, and impairment/severity

lifetime prevalence of specific phobias

12%

four categories of specific phobias

injury or blood, situations, animals, natural environment

which one of the specific phobia categories is the most common?

animal category

examples of the injury or blood phobia category

needles

examples of the situations category

driving acorss a bridge, flying on a plane

examples of the animals category

spiders, dogs, sharks, bears, kittens???

examples of the natural environment category

heights, claustraphobia, and water

explanations for phobias and classical conditioning

you can have that experience where if you are bitten by a dog for example, you become conditioned to fear dogs

explanations for phobias and obervational learning

with the bobo doll study, a fear can be developed from watching other people be scared

explanations for phobias and operant conditioning

the main idea is that a phobic condition can be learned and maintained because of the positive consequences of being scared of the phobia

explanations for phobias and preparedness

we are prepared to be scared to things more than others

the majority of people that develop phobias have not been through a traumatic event, true or false?

true

social anxiety disorder

defined as a persistent irrational fear linked to the presence of other people; person afraid of humiliating himself in front of others

when is social anxiety disorder the most prevalent?

onset late adolescence, that is when approval of your peers matters the most

common behaviors that areavoided if you have social anxiety

public speaking, public bathrooms, eating in public, and attending social gatherings

explanations for social anxiety disorder and conditioning

if you have to give a speech for your class and it is a traumatic experience, in the future you are going to avoid public speaking in the future (or fear similar situations)

explanations for social anxiety disorder and cognitive theory

people with social anxiety tend to have higher standards for their performance and they also tend to have more negative beliefs about consequences of social behavior

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety

explanations for GAD

environmental, psychological, genetic, and other biological factors are involved with GAD

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

obsessions are repetitive, intrusive, uncontrollable, thoughts, ideas, or images (person with OCD feels anxiety if compulsion is NOT performed; by engaging in compulsion, anxiety goes down)

explanations of OCD

it is likely a biological issue, neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin) inequalities, and brain dysfunction in frontal lobe, caudate, nucleus, and thalamus (problems in the connections between the brain structures)

OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER VID:

stages to heal from OCD: reattribute, refocus (do another behavior), revalue (change behavoral responses and brain chemistry), for RObert the condition went undiagnosed for 10 years, he believed that his entire house was contaminated and that people would spread germs if they left the house

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

refers to pattern of symptoms that persist long after a traumatic situation has occurred

four categories of PTSD symptoms

reexperiencing the traumatic event, avoidance, mood and cognitive changes, and increased physical arousal

RETURNING FROM IRAQ VID:

the patient had an extreme case of PTSD, 1 in 6 returning soldiers were diagnosed with PTSD, depression, or other mental illness

explanations of PTSD

severity of the stressor, low social support, low hardiness, personal or family hisotry of emotional problems, and more likely after human-induced trauma

two types of mood disorder

unipolar (major depressive disorder) and bipolar (manic depressive disorder)

prevalence of major depressive disorder

10% of men and 20% of women will develop a major depressive epsiode at some point in their lifetime

symptoms of major depressive disorder

sad affect, anhedonia (loss of interest in activities that used to give you pleasure, weight and appetite changes, sleep disturbances (sleeping too much or insomnia), loss of energy and fatigue, feelings of guilt and wothlessness, difficulty concentrating, suicidal ideation (duration is at least two weeks and they need to have at least 5 of those symptoms

active suicidal ideation ex

"I’m going to try to get better, but if it doesn’t get better next month I have a plan to kill mysel”-client

passive suicidal ideation ex

“I would never kill myself, but there are days where I feel like if I don’t wake up my kids would be better off”-client

why is there a gender difference with major depressive disorder?

women are more likely to react with ruminate responses where they ruminate about the situation, and men are more likely to react with distracting responses

bipolar disorder

person alternated between depression and mania

prevalence of bipolar disorder

1% of population with no difference of gender

symptoms of mania with bipolar disorder

elevated, euphoric or irritable mood, increase in activity level, racing thoughts, unusual talkativeness, rapid speech, decreased need for sleep (may only sleep 3-4 hours a night but they are not tired), inflated self-esteem, distractibility, and impulsive activities

BIPOLAR TED TALK VID:

25% of the 2.5% (5.6 million) of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder will commit suicide, symptoms that she had: suffering from brutal insomnia, feeling deeply sad for no apparent reason, racing thoughts, irritability, hpersexuality, and bankruptcy

cognitive explanations of depression

pessimistic explanatory style (internal, stable, and global attributions), nondepressed people tend to have “positive illusions", Beck’s cognitive triad (negative view about the world, about the self, and about the future), cause and effect (more reserach has suggested that hte negative thoughts come before the disorder

biological and genetic explanations for depression

problem with neurotransmitters (serotonin and norepinephrine for unipolar, glutamate for bipolar, people may inherit a predisposition to develop depression; link stronger for bipolar disorder

gender difference of eating disorders

90-95% of those affected are women

symptoms of anorexia

restriction of food that leads to very low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, and body image distortion

ANOREXIA’S LIVING FACE VID:

Isabel anorexia since 13, a year and a half ago she fell into a coma and came very close to dying, died 28 years old

symptoms of bulimia

recurrent epsiodes of binge eating, lack of control while over eating, recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (vomit the food up, excessive exercise, and overconcern of body shape and weight

explanations for an eating disorder

neurochemical differences (decreased levels of serotonin), genetic personality traits (perfectionism, rigid thinking, persistence, obsessive worrying, and emotional restraint), and culture (western culture emulates “thin is in”

prevalence of borderline personality disorder BPD

6% meets the criteria and much more common in women than it is in men

symptoms of BPD

hallmark characteristic is instability (mood: where their modds shift frequently, behavior: impulsive), identity disturbance (very confused with who they want to be), and suicidal gestures/self-multilating behaviors

explanations of BPD

disturbed early relationships, childhood hisotry of abuse, Linehan’s bisocial developmental theory (more likely to have BPD with biological predisposition and streessor (parents don’t teach her to handle impulses or negative emotions appropriately)

WHAT IS BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER VID:

read themselves as fundamentally bad, (bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and depression all can overlap with this disorder), and shift from valuation to devaluation among their close relationships

prevalence of dissociative identity disorder (previously referred to as multiple personality disorder)

not sure how prevalnet it is, anywhere from 4-9 times more common in women

symptoms of dissociative personality disorder

need to have at least two separate alters and average number of alters if 13 perpatient (each alter has its own behavior patterns, memories, and relationships)

explanations of dissociative identity disorder

may be established in childhood through self-hypnosis; link to abuse (most DID patients are high in phypnotizability and have abusive past

WOMEN WITH SEVEL DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES VID:

marcela: patient diagnosed, chris: keeps marcela safe from unsafe men, lola: very energetic, captured a lot of happiness that Marcela used to have, bella: convinced that she has an invisible sister, and part b: serious, easily annoyed part of Marcela

prevalence of schizophrenia

1% of the population

two misconceptions of schizophrenia

schizophrenia = a split personality and people with schizophrenia are violent and dangerous

categories of symptoms of schizophrenia

positive (the presence of something that is normally absent), negative (symptoms that are absent that are normally present, and disorganized

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions (are false beleifs that are held contrary to reality) and hallucinations (auditory hallucinations are the most common, you may hear voices arguing, commenting on your behavior) most common of hallucinations is auditory

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

flat affect, alogia, and avolition

flat affect

person is not showing any outward reaction on their face

alogia

means that some individuals have very little communication

avolition

inability to initiate or persist in goal directed behaviors

disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia

speech: is often illogical, tangential, and hard to understand, behavior: suggests that the person loses the ability to follow soical norms in terms of their behavior

explanations of schizophrenia

genetic predisposition, biological factors (excess dopamine hypothesis: it is possible that people with schizophrenia have too much dopamine in different parts of the brain, other people think it is the dopamine receptor sites that don’t work properly), brain differences: frontal lobe underactive, enlarged ventricles, and loss of gray matter, exposure to a virus in utero, and advanced age of father

social class findings and schizophrenia

highest rates of schizophrenia are found in the lowest socioeconomic classes (almost double the rate), maybe it is the stress or maybe it is when you develop schizophrenia that you are not able to stay in a higher socioeconomic status

family factors of schizophrenia

there is some evidence that if you have a biological parent with schizophrenia and are raised in a psychological disturbed adoptive family, then you are much more likely to develop a serious mental illness, even the control group was similar

SCHIZOPHRENIA PROFILE VID:

over 3 years there was a steady decline in her ability to study, moved out of dorms and had a lack of connection to friends and family, delusions (really believed that she would become a prophet, believed helicopter would save her some hopelessness, hallucinations (imagined peope wrote an article about her)

psychotherapy

process in which a therapist tries to treat psychological problems using a variety of specialized techniques

common goals of psychotherapists

reducing emotional distress, increasing understanding of problem, and providing new ways to deal with the problem

what percentage week therapy solely because they are having minor problems in life

25%

gender and socioeconomic differences in therapy

more common for women and higher socioeconomic statuses to seek therapy

length of treatment

15-20 sessions are needed for about 50% of patients to recover

MEN, MENTAL HEALTH, AND ENDING THE “MAN-UP MENTALITIY” VID:

Josh the patient that survived suicide attempt is concerned with ending the mental health stigma for men (suicide is actually 3-4 times more common among men than women globally)