Chapter 5 - Carbohydrates and Lipids

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10 Terms

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Main characteristics of carbohydrates

  • Functional groups: hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (C=O)

  • Monosaccharides (simple sugars), have a simple form.

1 carbohydrate monomer: usually has several hydroxyls and 1 carbonyl. Number of carbon varies.

Several monomers (monosaccharides) can be joined through glycosidic linkages and form polymers (polysaccharides)

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Classification of carbohydrate monomers (monosaccharides)

Based on number of carbons

  • Trioses (3C)

  • Pentoses (5C)

  • Hexoses (6C)

Based on carbonyl group:

  • at the end: aldose

  • in the middle: ketose

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Glycosidic linkages

Build carbohydrate polymers (polysaccharides); many monomers (monosaccharides) are bonded covalently.

  • Uses dehydration synthesis.

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Starch

A carbohydrate that consists of a polysaccharide of a-glucose monomers. Helix structured, can be digested by humans (energy storage for both humans and plants).

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Cellulose

A carbohydrate that consists of a polysaccharide of B-glucose monomers in straight chains (indigestible by humans but used by plants in cell walls.)

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LIPIDS

Hydrophobic, non-polar molecules. Store energy, insulate and form membranes.

Types: fats, phospholipids, steroids.

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Tryglycerid

Type of fat (lipid). 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

(3 water molecules are used).

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Fatty acids (fats)

Saturated: no double bonds

Cis-unsaturated: double bonds + kink/doblez (liquid)

Trans-unsaturared: double bonds but no kink/no tiene doblez (solid)

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Phospholipid bilayer

Phospholipid (lipid): Hydrophilic head (phosphate) and two hydrophobic fatty acid (types of lipid) tails.

  • Hydrophilic head toward the outside

  • Hydrophobic tails face toward the inside

    • only small, non-polar molecules can passively diffuse.

<p>Phospholipid (lipid): Hydrophilic head (phosphate) and two hydrophobic fatty acid (types of lipid) tails.</p><ul><li><p>Hydrophilic head toward the outside</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Hydrophobic tails face toward the inside</p><ul><li><p>only small, non-polar molecules can passively diffuse.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Steroids

Another type of lipid. Four-fused-ring structure.

  • Ex. Cholesterol (homeostasis)

  • Ex. Hormones = estrogen or testosterone (growth and development, reproduction).