Bio Final

kill me :(

enzyme

proteins that speed up bodily fuctions

food chain

a linear diagram showing how animals depend on each other for energy

Food web

a complex network of interconnected food chains showing how different species interact within an ecosystem

primary succession

the process of ecological change that occurs in an environment with no pre-existing soil, occurs on rocks

secondary succession

the process of ecological change that occurs in an environment following a disturbance that leaves the soil intact

photosynthesis

the process in which green plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

cellular respiration

the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. glycolysis, Kreb cycle, electron transport chain

stages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase

prophase

• nuclear envelope starts to break down

• spindle fibers form

metaphase

• chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

• spindle fibers attach to centromeres

anaphase

• chromosomes are pulled apart to become sister chromatids

• sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell

telophase

• nuclear envelope reforms

• spindle fibers dissapear

outmost stages of the cell cycle

interphase, M phase

interphase

G1, S, G2

G1

the first gap phase of interphase, where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication

S

the synthesis phase of interphase, where DNA is replicated, resulting in the duplication of chromosomes

G2

the second gap phase of interphase, where the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis, checks the cell

M phase

Mitosis, cytokenesis

cytokineses

the cytoplasm splits, occurs after mitosis

homologous structure

structure that is shared by close related species but has changed due to the environment

analogous structure

structures that are similar in function and shape but do not share a common ancestor

atoms are made of

protons, neutrons, and electrons

when salt is dissolved in water, which is the solute

salt

what is special about carbon atoms

they can connect with other types of atoms

mutualism

a symbiotic relationship where both organisms involved benefit, EX - tickbirds pick pests off of rhinos and get to perch on them

parasitism

a symbiotic relationship where one involved organism benefits and the other is harmed, EX - Lice feeding off of blood in the human scalp

commensalism

a symbiotic relationship where one of the organisms involved benefits and the other is unaffected, EX - barnacles ride whales as a form of transportation

Kings playing cards on fine green surfaces

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Law of segregation

each trait has two alleles

genotype

genetic makeup of a trait (AA, Aa, Aa)

phenotype

physical trait (blue eyes, brown hair, etc.)

Carb mono and poly

mono - monosaccharides

poly - disaccharides

lipid mono and poly

mono - glycerol and 3 fatty acids

poly - triglycerides

nucleic acid mono and poly

mono - nucleotides

poly - DNA / RNA

protein mono and poly

mono - amino acids

poly - poypeptides

density dependent limiting factor

a limiting factor that is based on population (ex - food, space, shelter)

Density independent limiting factor

a limiting factor that depends on abiotic factors (ex- drought, fire, tornado)

niche

how a species lives

habitat

where a species lives

biome

a region with a specific climate, temperature, species, etc.

hypotonic solution

more water outside the cell than inside, water is difusing into the cell

hypertonic solution

more water inside the cell than outside, water is diffusing out of the cell

isotonic solution

equal amounts of water inside and outside of the cell, equilibrium / homeostasis

producers

plants that use the suns energy to produce their own food (photosynthesis), first on the food chain

consumer

eats producers, always herbivore or omnivore

decomposer

breaks down decaying organic matter into something simpler that it can eat

photosynthesis equation

water + carbon → oxygen + glucose

cellular respiration equation

oxygen + glucose → water + carbon

homozyous

alleles are the same (AA, Aa)

heterozyous

alleles are different (Aa)

how do adaptatios help species survive

adaptations help species live easier and better in their environment