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Flashcards reviewing key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture notes on Indigenous America.
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Columbian Exchange
The exchange of people, animals, plants, and microbes between Europe and the Americas, marking a significant turning point in world history.
Turtle Island
A Lenape tradition that describes the earth being created when Sky Woman fell into a watery world and landed on a turtle's back, forming North America.
Monks Mound
The earthen hill in Cahokia that rose ten stories and was larger at its base than the pyramids of Egypt.
Chiefdoms
Indigenous American social hierarchy that gave leaders both secular and sacred authority.
Matrilineal
A system where family and clan identity proceeded along the female line.
Khipu
Knotted strings used by Inca recorders to note information.
Kiva
A small dugout room that played an important role in Puebloan ceremonies.
Cahokia
The largest Mississippian settlement, located east of modern-day St. Louis, with a peak population between ten thousand and thirty thousand.
Ojibwes
Refers to the Algonquian-speaking people who used birch-bark scrolls to record medical treatments, recipes, songs, stories, and more.
The Three Sisters
Corn, beans, and squash; three crops that provided nutritional needs necessary to sustain cities and civilizations in the Eastern Woodlands.
Kwakwaka'wakw, Tlingits, Haidas
Coastal Pacific Northwest peoples who depended on salmon for survival, valuing it spiritually and materially.
Potlatches
Elaborate feasts in the Pacific Northwest celebrating births, weddings, and social status, demonstrating wealth and power.
Astrolabe
Tool to calculate latitude, perfected by Portuguese sailors.
Caravel
A ship well suited for ocean exploration, with a deep draft and the capacity to carry large amounts of cargo.
Encomienda
An exploitive feudal arrangement in which Spain tied Indigenous laborers to vast estates.
Tenochtitlán
An Aztec city that rivaled the world's largest cities in size and grandeur.
Chinampas
Large artificial islands constructed by the Aztecs for growing crops.
La Noche Triste
The night when Montezuma was killed and a third of Cortés's men died as they fought to flee Tenochtitlan.
Quechuas
The Incan term for themselves.
Sistema de Castas
An administrative hierarchy that organized individuals into various racial groups based on their supposed “purity of blood.
Peninsulares
Iberian-born Spaniards who occupied the highest levels of administration in the New World.
Criollos
New World-born Spaniards.
Mestizos
People of mixed Spanish and Indigenous heritage.
Juan Diego
An Indigenous man who reported that he was visited by the Virgin Mary.
Repartimiento
The Spanish legal system intended to replace the encomienda; however, it replicated many of the abuses of the older system.