Introduction to Modern Pathology

GHPC LEC

Pathology

Was considered to be religious belief

Pathology

this evolved from Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine

Hippocrates

He studied patient's symptoms and described methods of diagnosis (physical exam, and/or observing of signs and symptoms supported by lab results)

Types of Medical Diagnosis

Provisional

Histopathological

Final

Provisional diagnosis

type of diagnosis that includes physical examination and clinical findings

Histopathological diagnosis

type of diagnosis that requires careful examination of tissue done by an expert pathologist

Clinicians

provisional diagnosis is done by _________?

final diagnosis

type of diagnosis that is supported by lab results, physical examination, etc. that is done prior

pathologists

persons who specialized in making diagnosis in medical cases

William Osler

who differentiate the practice of medicine and pathology

William Osler

who created a foundation in the discipline of internal medicine

Cornelius Celsus

he founded the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

Cornelius Celsus

he introduced the detailed analysis of surgical techniques

Rubor / Tumor / Calor / Dolor

what are the Four cardinal signs of Inflammation?

Functio laesa

this refers to the loss of function (of the body)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

he is the Father of Microscopy

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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he discovered the histological stain (safranin red)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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he made an important development in the cell theory wherein he described the diversity of cells under the microscope

Marcello Malpighi

he is the father of histology

Marcello Malpighi

he is the father of physiology & embryology

Marcello Malpighi

who studies capillaries that proved to be fundamental to our understanding in the vascular system and spinal cord

Marcello Malpighi

who is the founder of microscopical anatomy

Giovanni Morgagni

who introduced the clinicopathological correlation (CPC)

Giovanni Morgagni

who studied the cause of lesions, symptoms and outcome of disease?

Clinicopathologic correlation (CPC)

this referes to the type of correlation that is a combination of signs & symptoms directly observable upon consultation with supporting results of lab exams

Percival Pott

who referred that the chimney soot is carcinogenic

John Hunter

pathologic anatomy

Richard Bright

Glomerulonephritis (Bright's disease)

Thomas Addison

addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency)

hypoadrenalism / addison’s disease

a condition that has low levels of cortisol that can lead to weakness, fatigue

Thomas hodgkin

hodgkin’s disease

liver & spleen enlargement

what organs are affected by the hodgkin’s disease?

Carl von Rokitansky

he introduced autopsy

Paul Ehrlich

he is the father of chemotherapy

Paul Ehrlich

who discovered the first effective treatment for syphilis

Rober Koch

he stained bacilli with methylene blue

Koch’s bacillus

other term for methylene blue to stain mycobacterium tuberculosis

mycobacterium tuberculosis

causative agent for tuberculosis

Christian Gram

who is the inventor of the Gram staining technique

May-Grunwald-Giemsa Stain

stain used to study cells in respect for their cellular & nuclear size

Romanowsky-Giemsa Stain

stain commonly used in hematology and cytopathology

Robert Feulgen

who is the person reponsible for the foundation of cytochemistry & histochemistry

Rudolf Virchow

Etiology of embolism

Julius Cohnheim

Concept of frozen section

Ruska & Lorries

introduced electron microscope

George Papanicolaou

who is the father of exfoliative cytology

Modern pathology

this refers to the study of diseases at Molecular Level will aid in the diagnosis & treatment of

1\.       Genetic disorders

2\.       Immunology

3\.       Cancer

James Watson & Francis Crick

stated that their model of DNA consists of two helical strands twisted around each other in a double helix

alternating sugar & phosphate groups

what is the DNA structure made up of?

PURINES (guanine, adenine)

PYRIMIDINES (cytosine, thymine)

what are the bases found in the phosphate groups of the DNA?

Barbara McClintock

DNA Flexibility & Dynamism

Tijo & Levan

who identified the correct number of human chromosomes?

Kary Mullis

introduced PCR xeroxing or copying of DNA

p53

this is an example of tumor suppressor genes

tumor suppressor genes

these are normal genes that slow down cell division commanding the cells to die at a right time "__*apoptosis*__"

chromosome 17

where is the p53 gene located?

1\.       Cancer colon

2\.       Brain cancer

3\.       Cancer lung

4\.       Cancer liver

Upon mutation of the p53 gene, the loss of function mutation will lead to what cancers?

Aflatoxin B & lifestyle of smoking

what are the carcinogens that causes mutation in the p53 gene?

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aflatoxin B

is a potent hepatocarcinogen common in China & Africa

1969

year when in situ hybridization was introduced

1972

year when the recombinant DNA technique was introduced

1996

year when the Dolly experiment was conducted

1998

year when the era of stem cell research evolved/ started

2003

year when the human genome project was introduced

in situ hybridization

this is a laboratory technique used to localize a sequence of DNA or RNA in a biological sample that uses a labelled probe that cleaves target DNA

Recombinant DNA technique

this technique uses enzymes to cut and paste bits of DNA

Ian Wilmut

who explored the possibility of cloning a lamb from an adult sheep

adult somatic cell

what cell was used in mammalian cloning?

1\. Embryonic stem cells

2\. Adult stem cells

what sources were used to create treatment for alzheimer’s disease and aid insulin production

Human Genome Project (HGP)

this research aimed to decipher the chemical makeup of the entire human genetic code

Human Genome Project (HGP)

this project was used for the treatment & prevention of incurable diseases

patient

refers to the person affected by disease

lesions

refers to the changes int tissues & cells produced by a disease

vesicles & pustules

these are lesions that contain fluids

nodules

these are lesions that are solid

Patches & Macules

these are lesions that are flat

causal factors

"why of disease" etiology

pathogenesis

“how of disease”

diagnosis

“what is wrong”

prognosis

"what is going to happen"

Good prognosis

Early diagnosis and treatment

Poor Prognosis

Delay of diagnosis and treatment

treatment

“what can be done”

prevention

“what should be done to avoid complications and spread”

General

Systemic

Gross & Microscopic

Anatomic

Clinical

divisions of pathology

General pathology

division of pathology that studies the mechanism behind cell and tissue injuries in general

systemic pathology

division of pathology that studies the disease of a specific organ or body system

surgical

forensic pathology & autopsy

cythopathology

3 main subdivisions of anatomic pathology

surgical pathology

a subdivision of anatomic pathology that study tissues removed from the living body

forensic pathology & autopsiy

a subdivision of anatomic pathology that covers removed postmortem (study) and medicolegal

cytopathology

a subdivision of anatomic pathology that studies exfoliated cells in smear

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

meaning of FNAC

autopsy

refers to getting tissue samples from the dead to know the cause of death

biopsy

refers to getting a portion of tissue from a living person for analysis and diagnsos

Geographic Pathology

refers to the study of the difference in distribution and type of disease

Clinician

this person has direct contact with the patient for treatment

Pathologist

this person performs laboratory procedures to help diagnose diseases

1. Request form
2. tissue accession
3. gross examination
4. special step (calcified tissue) decalcification
5. 18-hour overnight processing

Procedure in the Histopathology Section

fixed tissue accession

tissues are submerged to 10% formalin to preserve and maintain specimen integrity. For routine processing.