Studied by 8 peopleGHPC LEC
Pathology
Was considered to be religious belief
Pathology
this evolved from Anatomy, Medicine, and Surgery
Hippocrates
Father of Medicine
Hippocrates
He studied patient's symptoms and described methods of diagnosis (physical exam, and/or observing of signs and symptoms supported by lab results)
Types of Medical Diagnosis
Provisional
Histopathological
Final
Provisional diagnosis
type of diagnosis that includes physical examination and clinical findings
Histopathological diagnosis
type of diagnosis that requires careful examination of tissue done by an expert pathologist
Clinicians
provisional diagnosis is done by _________?
final diagnosis
type of diagnosis that is supported by lab results, physical examination, etc. that is done prior
pathologists
persons who specialized in making diagnosis in medical cases
William Osler
who differentiate the practice of medicine and pathology
William Osler
who created a foundation in the discipline of internal medicine
Cornelius Celsus
he founded the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation
Cornelius Celsus
he introduced the detailed analysis of surgical techniques
Rubor / Tumor / Calor / Dolor
what are the Four cardinal signs of Inflammation?
Functio laesa
this refers to the loss of function (of the body)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
he is the Father of Microscopy
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
he discovered the histological stain (safranin red)
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
he made an important development in the cell theory wherein he described the diversity of cells under the microscope
Marcello Malpighi
he is the father of histology
Marcello Malpighi
he is the father of physiology & embryology
Marcello Malpighi
who studies capillaries that proved to be fundamental to our understanding in the vascular system and spinal cord
Marcello Malpighi
who is the founder of microscopical anatomy
Giovanni Morgagni
who introduced the clinicopathological correlation (CPC)
Giovanni Morgagni
who studied the cause of lesions, symptoms and outcome of disease?
Clinicopathologic correlation (CPC)
this referes to the type of correlation that is a combination of signs & symptoms directly observable upon consultation with supporting results of lab exams
Percival Pott
who referred that the chimney soot is carcinogenic
John Hunter
pathologic anatomy
Richard Bright
Glomerulonephritis (Bright's disease)
Thomas Addison
addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency)
hypoadrenalism / addison’s disease
a condition that has low levels of cortisol that can lead to weakness, fatigue
Thomas hodgkin
hodgkin’s disease
liver & spleen enlargement
what organs are affected by the hodgkin’s disease?
Carl von Rokitansky
he introduced autopsy
Paul Ehrlich
he is the father of chemotherapy
Paul Ehrlich
who discovered the first effective treatment for syphilis
Rober Koch
he stained bacilli with methylene blue
Koch’s bacillus
other term for methylene blue to stain mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
causative agent for tuberculosis
Christian Gram
who is the inventor of the Gram staining technique
May-Grunwald-Giemsa Stain
stain used to study cells in respect for their cellular & nuclear size
Romanowsky-Giemsa Stain
stain commonly used in hematology and cytopathology
Robert Feulgen
who is the person reponsible for the foundation of cytochemistry & histochemistry
Rudolf Virchow
Etiology of embolism
Julius Cohnheim
Concept of frozen section
Ruska & Lorries
introduced electron microscope
George Papanicolaou
who is the father of exfoliative cytology
Modern pathology
this refers to the study of diseases at Molecular Level will aid in the diagnosis & treatment of
1. Genetic disorders
2. Immunology
3. Cancer
James Watson & Francis Crick
stated that their model of DNA consists of two helical strands twisted around each other in a double helix
alternating sugar & phosphate groups
what is the DNA structure made up of?
PURINES (guanine, adenine)
PYRIMIDINES (cytosine, thymine)
what are the bases found in the phosphate groups of the DNA?
Barbara McClintock
DNA Flexibility & Dynamism
Tijo & Levan
who identified the correct number of human chromosomes?
Kary Mullis
introduced PCR xeroxing or copying of DNA
p53
this is an example of tumor suppressor genes
tumor suppressor genes
these are normal genes that slow down cell division commanding the cells to die at a right time "apoptosis"
chromosome 17
where is the p53 gene located?
1. Cancer colon
2. Brain cancer
3. Cancer lung
4. Cancer liver
Upon mutation of the p53 gene, the loss of function mutation will lead to what cancers?
Aflatoxin B & lifestyle of smoking
what are the carcinogens that causes mutation in the p53 gene?
aflatoxin B
is a potent hepatocarcinogen common in China & Africa
1969
year when in situ hybridization was introduced
1972
year when the recombinant DNA technique was introduced
1996
year when the Dolly experiment was conducted
1998
year when the era of stem cell research evolved/ started
2003
year when the human genome project was introduced
in situ hybridization
this is a laboratory technique used to localize a sequence of DNA or RNA in a biological sample that uses a labelled probe that cleaves target DNA
Recombinant DNA technique
this technique uses enzymes to cut and paste bits of DNA
Ian Wilmut
who explored the possibility of cloning a lamb from an adult sheep
adult somatic cell
what cell was used in mammalian cloning?
1. Embryonic stem cells
2. Adult stem cells
what sources were used to create treatment for alzheimer’s disease and aid insulin production
Human Genome Project (HGP)
this research aimed to decipher the chemical makeup of the entire human genetic code
Human Genome Project (HGP)
this project was used for the treatment & prevention of incurable diseases
patient
refers to the person affected by disease
lesions
refers to the changes int tissues & cells produced by a disease
vesicles & pustules
these are lesions that contain fluids
nodules
these are lesions that are solid
Patches & Macules
these are lesions that are flat
causal factors
"why of disease" etiology
pathogenesis
“how of disease”
diagnosis
“what is wrong”
prognosis
"what is going to happen"
Good prognosis
Early diagnosis and treatment
Poor Prognosis
Delay of diagnosis and treatment
treatment
“what can be done”
prevention
“what should be done to avoid complications and spread”
General
Systemic
Gross & Microscopic
Anatomic
Clinical
divisions of pathology
General pathology
division of pathology that studies the mechanism behind cell and tissue injuries in general
systemic pathology
division of pathology that studies the disease of a specific organ or body system
surgical
forensic pathology & autopsy
cythopathology
3 main subdivisions of anatomic pathology
surgical pathology
a subdivision of anatomic pathology that study tissues removed from the living body
forensic pathology & autopsiy
a subdivision of anatomic pathology that covers removed postmortem (study) and medicolegal
cytopathology
a subdivision of anatomic pathology that studies exfoliated cells in smear
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
meaning of FNAC
autopsy
refers to getting tissue samples from the dead to know the cause of death
biopsy
refers to getting a portion of tissue from a living person for analysis and diagnsos
Geographic Pathology
refers to the study of the difference in distribution and type of disease
Clinician
this person has direct contact with the patient for treatment
Pathologist
this person performs laboratory procedures to help diagnose diseases
Request form
tissue accession
gross examination
special step (calcified tissue) decalcification
18-hour overnight processing
Procedure in the Histopathology Section
fixed tissue accession
tissues are submerged to 10% formalin to preserve and maintain specimen integrity. For routine processing.
Note
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