Cerebellum Quick Revision Notes: Antimicrobial Agents

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering antimicrobial secretion, specific drug groups like cephalosporins and carbapenems, adverse effects, and treatment protocols for MRSA, VRSA, and Pseudomembranous Colitis.

According to the notes, which antimicrobial agents are secreted in bile?

Cefoperazone, Ceftriaxone, Tigecycline, Rifampicin, Erythromycin, Nafcillin, Ampicillin, Lincosamides (Clindamycin), and Doxycycline.

List the anti-Pseudomonal cephalosporins mentioned in the text.

Cefepime, Cefpirome, Cefoperazone, and Ceftazidime.

Which cephalosporin is specifically identified as the most effective anti-Pseudomonal agent?

Ceftazidime

Which drugs are associated with a Disulfiram-like reaction and should not be given with alcohol?

Cefoperazone and Moxalactam

Which two drugs are identified as causes of Hypoprothrombinemia (decreased Prothrombin) and increased bleeding tendency?

Cefoperazone and Moxalactam

Why is Imipenem always administered with Cilastatin?

If given alone, Imipenem is broken down by the dehydropeptidase enzyme in the kidney.

What is the primary side effect of Imipenem that makes it contraindicated for epileptic patients?

Seizures

Name other drugs in the Carbapenem group besides Imipenem.

Meropenem, Ertapenem, Doripenem, and Faropenem.

Which carbapenem is noted for having a lesser risk of seizures?

Faropenem

What is the only drug in the Monobactam group, and what is its bacterial spectrum?

Aztreonam; it is effective only against Gram $-ve$ bacteria including Pseudomonas.

Why is Vancomycin not effective when administered orally?

It is not absorbed.

What adverse effect occurs when Vancomycin is given via the IV route due to Histamine release?

Red man syndrome

What are the two specific toxicities associated with Vancomycin?

Nephrotoxic and Ototoxic

What is the Drug of Choice (DOC) for MRSA infections?

Vancomycin

What is the Drug of Choice (DOC) for VRSA infections?

Daptomycin

What is the Drug of Choice (DOC) for VRSA pneumonia?

Linezolide

Which bacteria is most commonly involved in Pseudomembranous Colitis?

Clostridium difficile

What is the hierarchy of antimicrobial classes most commonly implicated in Pseudomembranous Colitis?

$3^{rd}$ Gen. Cephalosporins > Clindamycin > Ampicillin or Amoxycillin > FQQ.

What is the current Drug of Choice (DOC) for treating Pseudomembranous Colitis?

Fidaxomicin

What monoclonal antibody can be used against the toxin in Pseudomembranous Colitis?

Bezlotoxumab

What are the alternative treatments for Pseudomembranous Colitis if the DOC is not used?

Oral vancomycin and Metronidazole.