APUSH Unit 8.2

New Frontier

domestic policy initiative focused on space exploration, education funding, civil rights, and medical care for the elderly

Peace Corps

government program sending volunteers abroad to assist with education, health care, and development projects

Great Society

legislative agenda aiming to eliminate poverty and racial injustice through programs like Medicare, Medicaid, and education reform

Head Start

early education initiative for low-income children to promote school readiness

EEOC

federal agency enforcing anti-discrimination laws in employment practices

Immigration Act of 1965

law that abolished national origins quotas and allowed increased immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Southern Strategy

political tactic to gain support from white voters in the South by resisting civil rights advances

Economic problems

resulted from oil shocks, inflation, high spending, and global competition, contributing to unemployment and public dissatisfaction

Stagflation

economic condition marked by simultaneous high inflation and unemployment

Energy Crisis

period of fuel shortages and rising prices due to OPEC oil embargoes

Carter’s Malaise Speech

presidential address criticizing consumerism and perceived loss of national purpose, which was poorly received by the public

Love Canal

environmental disaster where buried toxic waste caused health issues and spurred environmental regulations

Watergate

political scandal involving a break-in and cover-up, leading to a presidential resignation and widespread mistrust in government

War on Drugs

federal campaign to reduce drug use and distribution, leading to increased law enforcement and incarceration

New Right

conservative movement advocating for traditional family values, free markets, and limited government

Reaganomics

economic policy emphasizing tax cuts, deregulation, and supply-side growth theory

Civil Rights Act of 1964

banned discrimination in public accommodations and employment based on race, sex, religion, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

prohibited literacy tests and authorized federal oversight of voter registration in discriminatory areas

Southern Manifesto

document denouncing federal efforts to desegregate schools following a landmark Supreme Court decision

Freedom Riders

civil rights activists who rode interstate buses to challenge segregation in the South

24th Amendment

abolished poll taxes in federal elections

Watts Riot

six-day uprising in Los Angeles triggered by racial tensions and police brutality

Malcolm X

civil rights leader who promoted Black empowerment and self-defense, contrasting with nonviolent approaches

MLK

civil rights leader known for nonviolent protest and leadership in major movements like the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Bus boycotts

protests against segregated public transportation, most notably in Montgomery

Sit-ins

nonviolent protests involving occupying segregated spaces like lunch counters

SNCC

student-led organization coordinating civil rights activism, especially sit-ins and voter registration

COINTELPRO

covert FBI program targeting civil rights and leftist organizations for surveillance and disruption

Title IX

legislation prohibiting sex-based discrimination in federally funded educational programs

Roe v. Wade

Supreme Court decision establishing the right to legal abortion during the first trimester

Feminine Mystique

influential book that challenged traditional roles of women and sparked second-wave feminism

Betty Friedan

feminist writer and activist who helped launch the modern women’s rights movement

Gloria Steinem

feminist leader and journalist known for co-founding a major women’s rights magazine

Ms. magazine

feminist publication covering women’s rights, equality, and social issues

ERA

proposed constitutional amendment to guarantee equal legal rights regardless of sex, which failed to gain enough state ratifications

Phyllis Schlafly

conservative activist who mobilized opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment

Equal Pay Act of 1963

law aimed at eliminating wage disparity between men and women doing equal work

Sunbelt

region experiencing population growth due to migration, economic opportunities, and favorable climate

Immigration

increased diversification of the U.S. population following removal of quotas and rise in global migration

Divorce

became more common in the 1970s and 1980s due to legal changes and cultural shifts

Distrust in government

grew due to events like Vietnam, Watergate, and economic crises

More government > less government

trend reversed during the period, moving from expansion of federal programs to conservative push for deregulation

Liberal to conservative

political shift emphasizing traditional values and market-based solutions

Two parents working

trend resulting from rising living costs and increased female participation in the workforce

Gap between classes growing

economic inequality expanded due to wage stagnation and policy changes favoring the wealthy

Gideon v. Wainwright

Supreme Court decision guaranteeing the right to legal counsel for defendants in criminal trials

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court ruling requiring law enforcement to inform suspects of their legal rights

Engel v. Vitale

Supreme Court ruling that banned mandatory prayer in public schools

Griswold v. Connecticut

Supreme Court decision recognizing a right to privacy in marital contraception use