QUIZ-2_THE SKELETAL AND ARTICULATION SYSTEM

BONE/OSSEOUS TISSUE

is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton, the support structure of the body

CARTILAGE

in the areas of the skeleton where bones move (for example, the ribcage and joints), — , a semi-rigid form of connective tissue.

206

the adult human skeleton usually consists of — named bones.

80 BONES

axial skeleton (how many)

126 BONES

appendicular skeleton (how many)

AXIAL SKELETON

• lie along longitudinal axia

• skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

• upper & lower limbs

• pelvic & pectoral girdles

AXIAL

the — skeleton of the adult consists of 80 bones, including the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.

SKULL

— formed by 22 bones. Also associated with the head are an additional seven bones, including the hyoid bone and the ear ossicles (three small bones found in each middle ear).

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

— consists of 24 bones, each called a vertebra, plus the sacrum and coccyx.

THORACIC CAGE

— includes the 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum, the flattened bone of the anterior chest.

APPENDICULAR

the — skeleton is composed of the 126 bones of the appendages and the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

PECTORAL GIRDLES

• clavicle (2)

• scapula (2)

UPPER EXTREMITY

• humerus (2)

• radius (2)

• ulna (2)

• carpals (16)

• metacarpals (10)

• phalanges (28)

PELVIC GIRDLE

coxal, innominate, or hip bones (2)

LOWER EXTREMITY

• femur (2)

• tibia (2)

• fibula (2)

• patella (2)

• tarsals (14)

• metatarsals (10)

• phalanges (28)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

bones are made of — reinforced with calcium and specialized bone cells. Most bones also contain bone marrow, where blood cells are made.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

bones work with muscles and joints to hold our body together and support freedom of movement. This is called the —

LONG BONE

composite bone

DIAPHYSIS

shaft

EPIPHYSIS

expanded portion at the end is
Articular Cartilage.

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

where the two meet is called Epiphyseal Plate (Growth Plate) becomes —

MEDULLARY CAVITY

within diaphysis is a hollow space called —

LONG

like the femur and forearm

SHORT

like the wrist and ankle

FLAT

like the skull

IRREGULAR

like the spine (referred to as long or short)

SESAMOID BONES

teeth or small bones found within tendons called —

SPONGY BONE

• also called cancellous or trabecular bone

• it is found in the long bones and it is surrounded by compact bones

COMPACT BONE

• also called cortical bone

• surrounds a spongy bone. They are heavy, tough and compact in nature

LIVING TISSUE

bone is — that makes up the body's skeleton

SHORT BONES

(tarsals in the foot, e.g)

• cancellous bone in the center;

• compact bone recoating all peripheral surface

FLAT BONES

(cranium, e.g)

• two thin livers or compact bone

• enclosing between them: variable quantity of cancellous bone.

BONE MARROW

interstices of the cancellous bone and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis of the long bones are occupied by —

COMPACT TISSUE

is the harder, outer tissue of bones.

CANCELLOUS TISSUE

is the sponge-like tissue inside bones.

SUBCHONDRAL TISSUE

the smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered with another type of fissue called cartilage

PERIOSTEUM

the tough, thin outer membrane covering the bones is called the —

TUNNELS & CANALS

under the hard outer shell of the periosteum are —

BLOOD & LYMPHATIC VESSELS

through these, — carry nourishment for the bone

MUSCLE, LIGAMENTS, & TENDONS

— may attach to the periosteum

OSTEOCYTE

is a type of cell within the bone which helps to maintain bone as living tissue

OSTEOBLAST

is a type of cell within the bone which is responsible for the formation of new bone tissue

OSTEOPROGENITOR

• also known as osteogenic cells

• are stem cells in the bone that play a prodigal role in bone repair and growth

OSTEOCLAST

is a very large cell formed in bone marrow which is responsible for the absorption and removal of unwanted tissue

PIVOT JOINT

joints that permit rotatory movement of bones, around a single axis

SADDLE JOINT

type of biaxial and movable joint that allows movements on two planes-flexion or extension and abduction or adduction

PLANE JOINT

type of structure in the body formed between two bones in which the articular, or free, surfaces of the bones are flat or nearly flat, enabling the bones to slide over each other

HINGE JOINT

type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plan

CONDYLOID JOINTS

• also known as ellipsoid joints

• composed of an egg-shaped bone known as a condyle that fits into a similarly shaped cavity.

BALL & SOCKET JOINTS

• type of synovial joint that

• moves throughout three or more planes of motion into multiple directions

SYNOVIAL JOINT

— of joint capsule

FIBROUS LAYER

— joint capsule

JOINT CAVITY

— with synovial fluid

ARTICULAR/HYALINE CARTILAGE

prevent friction between articulating bones

TWO-LAYERED JOINT CAPSULE

• outer Layer - Strengthen joint

• inner Layer - To secrete synovial fluid

SYNOVIAL FLUID

• reduce friction between articular cartilages

• nourish articular cartilage

• rid the joint of waste

LIGAMENT

to connect one bone to another