Exam 2 in ADA

During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England?

snuff

One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is

higher level of education.

A cigar contains enough nicotine for two lethal doses, if the nicotine were injected.

TRUE

Over 90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now

filter cigarettes.

The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is

a combination of A and B.

-arousal and activation-a mild stimulant effect.

-calm and relaxation-a mild antianxiety effect.

Nicotine acts in the brain to first stimulate and then block several nicotinic subtypes of cholinergic receptor.

TRUE

In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that

secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.

One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is

low birth weight.

Although there are concerns about smoking during pregnancy, the research studies have not consistently demonstrated any specific risks.

FALSE

In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was

found to be no better than placebo.

In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA

had no authority to regulate tobacco products.

After a 1998 tobacco settlement, many anti-smoking ads were paid for by the very companies that promote smoking.

TRUE

Tobacco use became popular in European culture because:

it was associated with wealth and status.

About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that

they quit smoking without a treatment program.

Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because

the FDA considered them a "nicotine delivery device" rather than an agricultural product.

Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at

440,000.

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways.

According to a 2010 report, 70% of R-rated movies (and 30% of G, PG, and PG-13 movies) in the U.S. contained some tobacco use. Compared to 2005, this represents a decrease in depictions of tobacco use.

TRUE

One recent fad in tobacco use has been

hookahs (water pipes).

Nicotine acts in the brain by

first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors.

Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was

cigars

There is no evidence indicating that cigarette smoking has skin-aging effects.

False

People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes

typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.

The major commercial species of tobacco is Nicotiana tobacum.

TRUE

The FDA has regulated nicotine content of cigarettes since 1964.

FALSE

Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of

nicotine replacement therapy

Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline

after the 1964 Surgeon General's report.

In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is

varenicline (Chantix).

The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been

cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

New battery-powered electronic cigarettes (i.e., tobacco-less nicotine delivery systems) are quickly becoming one the largest U.S. exports.

FALSE

Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.

80

The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is

Nicotiana tobacum.

Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to:

acetylcholine receptors.

Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. started to decrease in 1990.

FALSE

Ambien (zolpidem) has recently been approved by the FDA for use in smoking cessation.

FALSE

The most popular form of tobacco use in America before 1900 was cigar smoking.

FALSE

As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by

paralysis of respiration muscles.

NSAID stands for

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

expanded the definition of dietary supplements and restricted the FDA's regulatory authority over them.

The generic ingredient in Advil is acetylsalicylic acid.

FALSE

The textbook suggests that consumers are best able to choose from among the wide variety of OTC products by

knowing a fairly small number of ingredient names.

According to the 2012 Monitoring the Future survey, more 12th graders reported using OTC cough medicines containing dextromethorphan compared to cocaine or methamphetamine.

TRUE

The main proposed use for St. John's wort has been for treating depression.

TRUE

If a bottle of pills on a drug store shelf is being sold as a dietary supplement, the label will refer to "nutritional information" and "serving size."

TRUE

Many of the capsules, pills, and powders that look like drugs and that consumers think of as drugs are actually classified by the FDA as

food products.

The acronym GRAS stands for

generally recognized as safe.

The heartburn drug Prevacid was recently moved from prescription only to OTC.

TRUE

Suppose you had a fever, a headache, and a swollen knee. Which medication would be most appropriate to treat all three symptoms?

Ibuprofen

Cold viruses are usually transmitted

by being picked up on the hands and touching your eyes or nose.

If you buy a bottle of St. John's wort 300 mg tablets, each tablet will contain 300 mg

total tablet weight, with an unknown amount of plant material or ingredients.

OTC drugs approved as sleep aids, like Nytol and Sominex,

contain an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine.

SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) is a dietary supplement that has some research support for its possible use in treating

depression

The FDA panels that review OTC drugs approve ingredients, not the actual products that often contain several ingredients.

TRUE

The 2006 revised PATRIOT Act required that products containing __________ be kept "behind the counter," and buyers must show identification and sign for their purchase.

pseudoephedrine

Suppose you have a cold and you choose to take Tylenol Cold to treat your symptoms (runny nose, congested nasal passages, and fever). Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?

dextromethorphan

Besides analgesia (pain relief), another important effect of aspirin is as a(n)

antipyretic (reduces fever).

What dietary supplement ingredient has been tested for its ability to improve memory in Alzheimer's disease, but has produced only small and unreliable improvements in published research?

Ginkgo biloba

OTC stimulants typically include pseudoephedrine.

False

The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act increased the FDA's control over dietary supplements.

False

The FDA was given additional authority over dietary supplements in 2006 to set up

an "Adverse Events Reporting" process.

The only active ingredient the FDA allows in OTC stimulants is

caffeine

Aspirin should not be used with children who have a viral infection because of increased risk of

Reye's syndrome.

Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?

It acts as a cough suppressant.

Acetylsalicylic acid was developed in the Bayer laboratory in Germany in 1898 and sold under the brand name

Aspirin.

Aspirin was initially a brand name for Bayer's acetylsalicylic acid.

TRUE

Dextromethorphan is an antihistamine used to dry up a runny nose.

FALSE

Because of the way the FDA reviews and approves OTC drugs,

various brands of a given type of remedy usually contain the same few active ingredients.

There has been some reported abuse by young people of products containing _________, which they take in high doses to produce visual and auditory hallucinations.

dextromethorphan

Orlistat, found in the OTC weight control product alli, interferes with the absorption of fats from the intestine.

TRUE

The evidence indicates that many dietary supplements enhance male sexual performance.

FALSE

Starting in 2007, the only FDA-approved OTC weight-control ingredient is

orlistat (alli).

The U.S. market for over-the-counter drug products totals about

18 billion

The generic name for Tylenol and Datril is

acetaminophen.

Withdrawal from opioid drugs is often fatal.

FALSE

Long-term exposure to opioid drugs

has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system.

The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to

a bad case of intestinal flu.

Morphine and codeine are derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.

TRUE

( The vast majority of heroin-related deaths (about 70% or more) occur as a result of heroin alone.

False

The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by

Egyptians, around 1500 BC.

Heroin first became popular among opioid abusers in the 1970s, due to returning Vietnam veterans.

FALSE

The most popular prescription opioids are hydrocodone and oxycodone.

True

Heroin was originally a brand name for diacetylmorphine, manufactured by Bayer laboratories.

True

By the beginning of the 20th century, a greater percentage of Americans were addicted to opioids than at any time before or since. Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this, along with

patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine.

In 1898, Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name

Heroin

Long-term use of opioid drugs has been clearly shown to damage both the liver and the brain.

False

Papaver somniferum is the scientific name for

the opium poppy

The majority of U.S. soldiers who used heroin in Vietnam did so through the intravenous route because the drug was relatively impure.

False

The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstrates the importance of ____________ in developing opioid addiction.

positive reinforcement

The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted, among other things, in

the island of Hong Kong becoming a British possession.

Possession of opium, morphine, or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by

a 1915 Supreme Court decision.

In a heroin user, negative reinforcement of drug-taking behavior can occur when

withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection.

Naloxone and nalorphine are endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine.

False

One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was

a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking.

"Black tar" is

a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form.

Heroin is more potent than morphine because

it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier.

The two major active chemicals in opium are

morphine and codeine.

The 16th century European physician Paracelsus, and later Dr. Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of

laudanum

Heroin became the drug of choice for many opioid users

during the 1920s, because it was easier to smuggle the small amounts needed for an effective dose.

Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are

three classes of endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine.

Naloxone, nalorphine, and naltrexone are examples of

opioid antagonists.