Concepts of F&E (What she said)

Fluids and electrolytes

 are essential components of the human body that  work together to maintain homeostasis and support normal physiological function.

Fluid

• provides the medium for circulation, transport, cellular activity. 

Electrolytes

• regulate the electrical conductivity, fluid distribution, muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Atom: Composed of?

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One milliequivalent of cation always reacts chemically with one mEq of Anion

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• MEq provide information on the number of cations or anions available to combine with other cations or anions 

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To function properly, the body must have fluids and electrolytes on the right compartment and on the right amount, whenever an electrolyte moves out of the cell, another elect moves in to take its place . Thus the number of cations and anions should be equal for homeostasis or balance to exist.

Interstitial Fluid

• (fluid between the cell) also known as the third space

• Blood

• Lymph

• Bones

• Connective tissues

• Water

• Transcellular fluid

Extracellular Components:

Localized Edema

•  occurs from a traumatic injury from accident or surgery or local inflammation processes or burns 

Generalized Edema/Anasarca

• excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, throughout the body and occurs as a result of cardiac, renal conditions, or liver failure. 

Interstitium

• contiguous fluid filled space that exists between structural barrier (cell membrane, skin), and internal structure (organ, muscles, circulatory system) 

Glucose

Urea

Creatine

sodium chloride

There are constituents of body fluid such as_____,_____._____, they do not dissociate or separate from complex form to a simple substance when they are in a solution. Some substances do dissociate, such as __________separated into 2 parts or elements.

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• The process of diffusion is wherein a permeable membrane allows substances to pass through it without restriction, a selectively permeable membrane allows some solutes to pass through without restriction but it prevents other solutes from passing through freely. This occurs within one  fluid  compartment to another if the barrier between compartments are permeable to the diffusing substances.

• arterial end of the capillary

• Hydrostatic pressure is when an ________ has hydrostatic higher than osmotic pressure, so fluids and diffusible solutes move out of the capillary 

venous end

• At the ______, the osmotic pressure is higher than the hydrostatic pressure. Fluids and some solutes move to the capillary. 

Intravascular Compartment

Lymph channels

Excess fluids and solutes that remain in interstitial compartment are returned to _______ by the ________

275-295 mOsm/kg

normal osmolality of plasma

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• The greater the number of particles within the cell, the more pressure exists to force the water out of the cell???. If the body loses more electrolytes than fluids (such as in diarrhea) then the extracellular fluids contain fewer electrolytes or less solute than the intracellular fluids. 

• Normal saline

• 0.9% sodium chloride

• D5W 5% water in dextrose

• Lactated ringer’s

• Ringers

Isotonic Solution

0.25% and 0.45% saline

Hypotonic Solution

20% - 23.4%

Hypertonic Solution

Ions of

• Sodium

• Potassium

• Calcium

• Iron

• Hydrogen

• Sugar

• Amino acids

The substances that are transported actively through the cell membrane include

• water ingested

• waste and solutes excreted

Quantity of fluid excreted by the kidneys, is determined by the amount of

Insensible loss

• Water loss through the skin is called the _______ unaware that we are losing water. The amount of water loss by perspiration varies according to temperature, environment, and body. 

• Water loss from the lungs is also called _______ because it is loss through expired air that is saturated with water vapor. The amount of water loss from the lungs varies by the rate and depth of respiration 

gastrointestinal tract

• A large amount of water is secreted into the ________ and returned to the extracellular fluid. 

adrenal gland

aldosterone

the _______ (found on top of kidneys), through secretion of ________ aid in controlling extracellular fluid volume by regulating the amount of sodium reabsorbed by the kidneys

Anti-diuretic Hormone

Pituitary Gland

• The ________ from _________ regulates the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys