Microbiology Exam 3 (Part 1)-- Upper & Lower Bacterial Diseases of Respiratory System

What UR bacterial condition is a sore throat and difficulty swallowing, fever, malaise, headache, a red pharynx, swollen lymph nodes, purulent abscesses covering the tonsils (pus pockets)?

Strep Throat

What three things may Strep throat progress to?

1) Scarlet fever

2) Rheumatic fever/heart disease

3) Glomerulonephritis

How is Strep Throat spread? Who is most commonly affected?

Respiratory droplets

children ages 5-15

What pathogen causes Strep Throat?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What is the difference between viral pharyngitis and strep throat?

Pus pockets, viral wouldn't have this!

How is strep throat treated?

Antibiotics

What UR bacterial condition can occur 1-2 days after strep throat, pyrogenic toxins trigger a diffuse rash that begins on the chest and spreads across the body, where the tongue will become strawberry red and white coating also appears on the tongue, with the rash disappearing after about a week (then skin sloughing)?

Scarlet Fever (Scarletina)

What pathogen causes Scarlet fever? What does this accompany?

Lysogenized strain of streptococcus pyogenes

- Accompanies strep throat

What does the lysogenized strain of Streptococcus pyogenes release in Scarlet fever?

Erythrogenic (pyrogenic) toxins (exotoxins)

What UR bacterial condition is a sore throat, localized pain, fever, where pseudomembrane adheres to the posterior throat structures and cannot be dislodged without causing bleeding in underlying tissue, and in severe cases, the pseudomembrane can occlude airways, resulting in death by suffocation?

Diphtheria

How is Diphtheria spread? Who does it most commonly affect?

Respiratory droplets or skin contact

-- mainly immunocompromised or nonimmune individuals

What pathogen causes Diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diptheriae

-- produces diphtheria toxin

-- form characteristic palisade arrangement (through snapping division)

How is Diphtheria diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = pseudomembrane presence

-- formerly a Schick test done (just know this for boards, not this exam)

Treat = antibiotics/antitoxin; severe can be surgically or tracheotomy

Prevention = immunization (DTaP = kids, TDaP = adults)

What UR bacterial condition causes pain and pressure of the affected sinus accompanied by malaise?

Sinusitis

What condition causes severe pain in ears?

Otitis media

What 5 pathogens cause Sinusitis & Otitis media?

1) Streptococcus pneumoniae (MC for otitis media - 35%)

2) Streptococcus pyogenes

3) Staphylococcus aureus

4) Moraxella catarrhalis (MC sinusitis)

5) Haemophilus influenzae b

How is Sinusitis & Otitis media spread? Who is most commonly affected by Sinusitis & Otitis media?

Bacteria in pharynx spread to sinuses via throat

Sinusitis = MC adults

Otitis Media = MC children

How is Sinusitis & Otitis media diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = symptoms

Treatment = resolve w/o treatment; adjust!; chronic ear treated w/ surgical tubes

Prevent = Neti pots; avoiding dairy while congested (thickens mucus & makes more difficult to drain)

How is the Common Cold diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = signs/symptoms

Treated = Pleconaril (anti-viral)

Prevention = handwashing

What general LR bacterial diseases are lung inflammations accompanies by fluid-filled alveoli and bronchioles, described by affected region or organism causing the disease, and are them most serious and most frequent in adults?

Bacterial Pneumonias

In bacterial pneumonias (pneumococcal, mycoplasmal, klebsiella), bacterial replication causes damage to the lungs via what process?

Consolidation

What LR bacterial disease involves short, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, chest pain, a high fever and cough, and rust-colored septum?

Pneumococcal pneumonia (Typical pneumonia)

What pathogen causes Pneumococcal pneumonia (Typical pneumonia)?

Streptococcus pneumoniae (The Pneumococcus)

How is Pneumococcal pneumonia (Typical pneumonia) spread?

inhalation of bacteria

How is Pneumococcal pneumonia (Typical pneumonia) diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = Chest X-ray

Treated = penicillin, adjust (depending), rest

Prevention = vaccine (PCV)

What LR bacterial condition includes fever, malaise, sore throat, excessive sweating, and is typically more mild and possibly asymptomatic?

Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia; Walking Pneumonia)

What pathogen causes Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia; Walking Pneumonia)?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

How is Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia; Walking Pneumonia) spread?

Nasal secretions

How is Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (Primary Atypical Pneumonia; Walking Pneumonia) diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = tetracycline and erythromycin

Treated = adjust/rest

Prevention = difficult since can be asymptomatic

What LR bacterial disease is pneumonia symptoms with a thick, bloody sputum ("currant jelly sputum"), and is a necrotizing & severe form of pneumonia?

Klebsiella Pneumonia

What pathogen causes Klebsiella Pneumonia?

Klebsiella pneumoniae

How is Klebsiella Pneumonia transmitted? Who is most at risk?

opportunistic (normal digestive respiratory microbiota)

-- immunocompromised

NOTE: consolidation here

How is Klebsiella Pneumonia treated? prevented?

Treated = antimicrobials

Prevented = aseptic technique

What pathogen causes a misc bacterial pneumonia similar to pneumococcal pneumonia? (2)

Haemophilus influenzae b and/or Staphylococcus aureus

What pathogen causes the misc bacterial pneumonia, pneumonic plague?

Yersinia pestis

What pathogen causes the misc bacterial pneumonia causing pneumonia and bronchitis?

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

What LR bacterial disease typically has flu-like symptoms within 10 days of exposure, and severe cases can resemble primary atypical pneumonia, with untreated mortality being 20%, but death rare with treatment?

Ornithosis (Psittacosis)

What pathogen causes Ornithosis (Psittacosis)?

Chlamydophila psittaci

How is Ornithosis (Psittacosis) transmitted?

Birds transmit to humans

-- inhalation of aerosolized feces or respiratory secretions

-- ingested form fingers/fomites (contacted infected bird)

-- direct beak-to-mouth contact

How is Ornithosis (Psittacosis) treated? Prevented?

Treatment = doxycycline

Prevention = difficult; protective clothing if handling infected bird

What LR bacterial disease experiences fever, chills, nonproductive cough, headache, pneumonia, and is 20% fatal if not promptly treated?

Legionnaires' Disease

What variation of Legionnaires' Disease is non-fatal flulike illness, without the pneumonia?

Pontiac Fever

What pathogen causes Legionnaires' Disease?

Legionella pneumophila

How is Legionnaires' Disease transmitted? Who is most at risk?

Inhale bacteria in aerosols form water sources (showers, vaporizers, whirlpools, hot tubs, AC, grocery store mister)

-- Elderly, smokers, immunocompromised increased risk

How is Legionnaires' Disease diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = fluorescent antibody staining or serology test

Treatment = antibiotics (fluroquinolone or macrolide)

Prevention = Reduce bacteria in water

What LR bacterial disease has symptoms that are not always initially apparent, and if symptomatic, there are three different types (primary, secondary, disseminated)?

Tuberculosis

What pathogen causes Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Which type of tuberculosis results form the initial infection with M. tuberculosis, typically occurring in children with fibrotic nodules (granuloma or tubercle), tubercle pus lymph node involvement (Ghon's complex), and often become dormant?

Primary Tuberculosis

What is it called when the granuloma or tubercle in primary tuberculosis has a center that is cheese-like, ultimately decaying/necrosis? How about when the center is filled with air?

Cheese-like = Caseous necrosis

Air = Tuberculous cavity

Which type of Tuberculosis is reestablishment of the active infection after a period of dormancy, and is common in individuals with a suppressed immune system?

Secondary Tuberculosis

What type of Tuberculosis results when infection spreads throughout the body via blood and lymph, with wasting of the body from multiple sites ("consumption")?

Disseminated Tuberculosis

What is it called when Tuberculosis infects the spine?

Pott's disease

How is Tuberculosis spread? Who is most at risk?

Respiratory droplets

-- immunocompromised individuals

NOTE: pandemic in many parts of the world (esp Africa), and over 1/3 of the world's population is infected (10% develop life-threatening case of TB)

T/F: Tuberculosis is the leading killer of diabetes individuals

FALSE

HIV+ individuals

NOTE: other risk factors = diabetes, poor nutrition, stress, crowded living conditions, alcohol/drug abuse, smoking

Why is tuberculosis considered a reemerging disease?

Drug-resistant strains developing (MDR, XDR)

How is Tuberculosis diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = Tuberculin skin test & Chest X-ray

Treated = Antimicrobials; combination therapy

Prevention = immunization

What reemerging condition is initially cold-like, then characteristic cough develops with a "whooping" sound, and progresses through four phases: incubation, catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent?

Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

What type of bacteria gives off toxins as they die?

Gram -

What pathogen causes Pertussis (Whooping Cough)?

Bordetella pertussis

How is Pertussis (Whooping Cough) transmitted? Who is most commonly affected?

Highly contagious

-- airborne droplets

Children MC (but anyone can get)

How is Pertussis (Whooping Cough) diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = Whooping sound; symptoms

Treatment = Supportive

Prevention = DTaP/TDaP vaccine

What are the 4 phases of Pertussis (Whooping Cough)?

1) Incubation --> NO symptoms

2) Catarrhal --> Rhinorrhea, sneezing, malaise, fever

3) Paroxysmal --> repetitive cough w/ whoops, vomiting, exhaustion (coughing fit = paroxysms endotoxin)

4) Convalescent --> Diminishing cough, possible secondary complications

NOTE: this is in comparison to the 5 phases of other illnesses

What LR bacterial disease peaks in the spring and fall, and has stridor (noisy breathing), chills, shaking, cyanosis, drooling, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and the individual may need to sit upright and lean slightly forward to breath (tripod position)?

Epiglottitis

What pathogen causes Epiglottitis?

Haemophilus influenzae b

How is Epiglottitis transmitted? Who is this more common in?

Person to person, direct contact, droplet inhalation

MC in children

How is Epiglottitis treated? Prevented?

Treated = MEDICAL EMERGENCY; ICU w/ antibiotics, breathing treatments, anti-inflammatories, IV fluids

Prevented = Hib vaccine

What LR bacterial disease initially resembles a cold or flu with fatigue, malaise, fever, aches, cough, but progresses to a high fever, difficulty breathing, severe coughing, lethargy, shock, and death?

Inhalational Anthrax

What pathogen causes Inhalational Anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis

(endospore forming)

How is Inhalational Anthrax transmitted?

Inhalation of endospores (germinate in lungs & toxins absorbed in blood)

NOTE: this is NOT spread form person to person

T/F: Inhalational Anthrax is RARE in humans but has a low mortality rate

FALSE

RARE in humans, HIGH mortality rate (almost 100% w/o early treatment)

How is Inhalational Anthrax diagnosed? Treated? Prevented?

Diagnosed = Bacteria in sputum

Treated = early/aggressive antimicrobial

Prevention = anthrax vaccine

What is the list in order of the Bioterrorist Category A threats?

1) Smallpox

2) Anthrax

3) Plague

4) Botulism

5) Tularemia

6) Viral hemorrhagic fever (ex: Ebola)

SAP BTV