Buffers to Flame test

pair or related chemical compounds capable of resisting large change in the pH of a solution

Buffers

The Phosphate Buffer System composition

Dihydrogen + monohydrogen phosphate

The disadvantage of this buffer system is the insolubility of the phosphate salts of metals such as Ag, Zn, and Al and phosphate salt of growth

Phosphate buffer system

Buffer system used in preparations containing metals that would otherwise precipitate in the presence of phosphate

Borate Buffer System

This buffer system is contraindicated in parenteral because of toxicity of borates

Borate Buffer System

the 3 primary borate buffer system

1. Feldman's buffer system

2. Gifford Buffer system

3. Atkins and Pantin buffer system

Composition and pH of Feldman's buffer system

Boric acid + NaCl, Sodium borate

pH = 7 to 8.2

Composition and pH of Gifford Buffer System

Boric acid + KCl, Sodium borate

pH = 6 to 7.8

Composition and pH of Atkins and Pantin Buffer system

Boric acid + NaCl, Sodium bicarbonate

pH= 7.6 to 11

Buffer systems that the body utilize: (3)

1. Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid

2. Monohydrogen phosphate

3. Hemoglobin and proteins

Which buffer system does the plasma and kidneys utilize

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid buffer system

Which buffer system does the Cells and kidneys utilize

Monohydrogen phosphate buffer system

Which buffer system does the RBC utilize

Hemoglobin and protein buffer system

Causes of metabolic acidosis (3) and affected buffer system

Diabetic acidosis

Diarrhea

Renal Failure

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid buffer system

Causes of metabolic alkalosis (2) and affected buffer system

Excess alkali administration

vomiting

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid buffer system

Causes of respiratory alkalosis (4) and affected buffer system

Fever

anorexia

Salicylate poisoning

hysteria

Bicarbonate/Carbonic Acid buffer system

Causes of respiratory acidosis (3) and affected buffer system

Cardiac disease

Lung damage

Drowning

Hemoglobin and protein buffer system

pH level for acidosis

<7.38

pH level for alkalosis

>7.42

This condition is treated with the sodium salts of bicarbonate, lactate, acetate, and citrate

Metabolic acidosis

This condition is treated with ammonium salts (action is in the kidneys where it retards the Na-hydrogen exchange)

Metabolic alkalosis

This is done to supply normal regrement for water and electrolytes to those who cannot take them orally

Fluid maintenance

Fluid maintenance should contain at least ____________ to minimize the build-up of metabolites associated with starvation (urea, phosphate and ketone bodies)

5% dextrose

Composition of fluid maintenance (5)

Na, Cl, HCO3, Mg & P ions

This is done when there is a heavy loss of water and electrolyte

Electrolyte replacement

Composed of 8.6g NaCl, 0.3g KCl, and 0.33g Ca(Cl)2 per liter

Ringer's injection

Composed of 600mg NaCl, 30mg KCl, and 20mg Ca and 310mg Na Lactate per 100 ml

Lactated ringer's injection

This is given to supply water and electrolyte in amount needed for maintenance (Only for mild to moderate fluid loss)

Oral electrolyte solutions

These are not synthesized by the body and must be included in the diet

Essential elements

These are required for normal functioning but does not need to be included in the diet

Trace elements

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of hemoglobin

Iron

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of T3 and T4

iodine

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of Vit. B12

Cobalt

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of insulin and carbonic anhydrase

Zn

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of oxidase enzymes

Copper

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Formation of hemoglobin

Copper

Principal Metabolic function/s:

Constituent of proteins mucopolysaccharides, heparin, biotin, and detoxication

Sulfur

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Iron

Anemia

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Iodine (2)

Goiter and Cretinism

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Cobalt (3)

Polycythemia

Vit B 12 Deficiency

Pernicious anemia

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Zn (3)

Anemia

Stunted growth

hypogonadism

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Copper (2)

Hypochromic anemia

Wilson's disease

Clinical manifestation of deficiency of Sulfur (2)

Cystinuria

Cystine renal calculi

This element is the electron carrier in respiration chain; responsible for transport of molecular oxygen

Iron

Identify the mode of linkage:

Hemoglobin + iron

heme

Identify the mode of linkage:

Iron + plasma

Transferrin

Identify the mode of linkage:

Storage iron

Ferritin and Hemosiderin

Function of Hemoglobin

Oxygen transport

Function of plasma

Iron transport

Use of functional iron (myoglobin, cell hemes)

Cell respiration

Use of storage iron

Iron pool detox

Agents used to alter gastric pH

Antacids

Agents used for intestinal inflammation

Protectives

Agents used for intestinal toxins

adsorbents

Agents used for constipation (2)

Cathartics or Laxatives

pH of stomach when empty and when food is present

1 - empty

7 - food is present

A condition where there is specified circumscribed erosion in the GI

Gastritis

occurs when the esophageal sphincter is defective due to gastric food entering the esophagus during a belch or upon lying in bed; emotional makeup is also a factor

Peptic ulcer or esophageal ulcer (Heartburn)

_____________and _____________are common with gastric ulcers.

Malignancy and hemorrhage

_____________ is more common with duodenal ulcers

Perforation

alkaline bases used to neutralize the excess gastric HCl associated with gastritis and peptic ulcers

Antacids

Occurs when some factor impairs digestion and/or adsorption, thereby increasing bulk of intestinal tract

Diarrhea

Diarrhea that is caused by bacterial toxins, chemical poisons, drugs, allergy and disease

Acute diarrhea

Diarrhea caused from GI surgery, carcinomas, chronic inflammatory conditions & various adsorptive defects)

Chronic Diarrhea

AKA - mild cathartics,

laxatives

These laxatives act by local irritation

Stimulant laxatives

These laxatives are from cellulose and other nondigestible polysaccharides which swell when wet

Bulk forming agents

These laxatives lubricate/soften stools

Emollient laxatives (e.g. mineral oil)

These agents increase osmotic load of GIT

Saline cathartics

AKA Glauber's salt

Sodium sulfate

AKA Cream of Tartar

Potassium bitartrate

AKA Mercurous chloride and Mild mercury chloride

Calomel

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Sodium

Nonluminous flame - Persistent golden yellow

Under cobalt glass - N/A

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Potassium

Nonluminous flame - violet

Under cobalt glass - crimson

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Lithium

Nonluminous flame - Carmine red

Under cobalt glass - purple

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Calcium

Nonluminous flame - Brick red

Under cobalt glass - light green

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Strontium

Nonluminous flame - Crimson

Under cobalt glass - purple

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Barium

Nonluminous flame - Yellowish green

Under cobalt glass - Bluish green

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Ammonium

Nonluminous flame - Colorless

Under cobalt glass - n/a

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Borate

Nonluminous flame - Green

Under cobalt glass - N/A

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Copper

Nonluminous flame - Green

Under cobalt glass - N/A

BUT Could also be

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - Yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Phosphorus

Nonluminous flame - Green

Under cobalt glass - N/A

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Lead

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - Yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Arsenic

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Antimony

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - Yellow

Color of Element in nonluminous flame and under cobalt glass:

Bismuth

Nonluminous flame - Blue

Under cobalt glass - Yellow