The UN, Elite Pacts, and Soft Balancing

What are elite pacts in the UNSC?

Agreements among the P5 (U.S., UK, France, Russia, China) to achieve consensus on UNSC resolutions, often involving behind-the-scenes negotiations and side deals.

What is Chapter 7 of the UN Charter?

A provision allowing the UNSC to authorize military force, sanctions, or peacekeeping missions to enforce international peace and security.

What is soft balancing in the UNGA?

Political strategies (e.g., voting blocs) used by smaller states to counterbalance powerful states (e.g., the U.S.) without military confrontation.

What is the veto power in the UNSC?

The ability of the P5 to block any UNSC resolution, ensuring their dominance in global governance.

How do UNSC resolutions gain legitimacy?

Through consensus among the P5, signaling global agreement and compliance.

Why do states comply with UNSC resolutions?

Due to political or economic incentives, not moral or legal principles.

How did the 1991 Gulf War reflect elite pacts?

The UNSC authorized force to expel Iraq from Kuwait, showcasing P5 cooperation and behind-the-scenes negotiations.

How did the 2003 Iraq War weaken the UNSC’s legitimacy?

The U.S. bypassed the UNSC, demonstrating the limits of elite pacts and the dominance of powerful states.

What is UN Resolution 1701 (2006)?

A UNSC resolution authorizing peacekeeping in Lebanon, reflecting elite pacts and stakeholder interests.

Give an example of soft balancing in the UNGA.

Mass opposition to the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq in the UNGA, where smaller states voted against the war.