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Lactams
________ are cyclic amides with an acyl carbon and a N atom in the ring.
Lactones
________ are cyclic esters that include the acyl carbon and the O atom.
Acid
________ can catalyze the reaction with weaker nucleophiles, in which case the acyl O atom is protonated first.
tetrahedral intermediate
The ________ collapses due to the loss of a leaving group and the reformation of the C "The op bond.
hydrolysis of esters
The ________ and amides requires acid or base, although acid halides and acid anhydrides need not.
Esters
________ and HCl are formed when acid chlorides combine with alcohols.
HO2
________ is a powerful enough nucleophile to attack the ester or amide carbonyl directly.
Anions
________ that are more stable are better ________ leaving groups.
Amides
________ are insufficiently reactive to react with alcohols.
Imides
________ are significantly more acidic than amides due to the delocalization of the negative charge of the N- deprotonated anion over both carbonyls.
Two acyl groups
________ are linked to an O atom in an acid anhydride.
acyl group
A(n) ________ is linked to a halogen, commonly Cl, in acid halides.
Nitriles
________ are named by replacing- oic acid of the parent acid with- onitrile.
N bond
________ has a partial double bond nature and a significant rotation barrier.
N atom
The ________ in amides is sp2 hybridized as a result of a third important resonance contributing structure that forms a double bond between the acyl C and ________.
term Nitriles
The ________ refer to having a cyano group bonded to carbon.
carboxylic acid
In the presence of an acid catalyst, esters react with water to form a(n) ________ and alcohol.
Acid chlorides
________ react with two equivalents of ammonia and one equivalent each of 1° and 2° amines to generate an amide and one equivalent of ammonium chloride.
imide anion
Because the ________ is stabilized by delocalization of the negative charge onto the two carbonyl oxygens, imides are more acidic than amides.
sulfonamide anion
The ________ is stabilized by negative charge delocalization onto the two O atoms.
electrophilic acyl carbon
A strong nucleophile adds straight to the ________, causing the C bond to break "O p bond is formed, resulting in a tetrahedral carbonyl addition intermediate.
Imides
________ are distinguished from amides by the presence of two acyl groups connected to the same N atom.
Esters
________ combine with alcohols in an acid- catalyzed reaction termed transesterification, an equilibrium process in which one ________.
N atom
If the ________ has one or two groups attached to it, the groups are called after the designator N,- and the parent acid's- ic acid is substituted by- amide.
ester
When the ________ is acid- sensitive, a base such as a tertiary amine is utilized to neutralize the HCl as it forms.
Imides
________ (pKa 8- 10) dissolve in aqueous NaOH by forming water- soluble sodium salts, as shown in the image attached.
