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Dispositional Attribution

Explaining behavior based on personal traits.

Situational Attribution

Explaining behavior based on external factors.

Actor-Observer Bias

We blame our actions on the situation but blame others on their personality.

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

Overestimating personality and underestimating the situation when explaining others’ behavior.

Explanatory Style

The way people habitually explain life events, which can be optimistic or pessimistic.

Internal Locus of Control

Belief that personal effort controls outcomes.

External Locus of Control

Belief that outside forces control outcomes.

Central Route (Elaboration Likelihood Model)

Deep thinking, evidence-based approach to persuasion.

Peripheral Route (Elaboration Likelihood Model)

Superficial cues, such as celebrity endorsements, affecting persuasion.

Halo Effect

The tendency to assume attractive or likable people have other good qualities.

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

Getting someone to agree to a small request makes them more likely to agree to a larger request later.

Door-in-the-Face Technique

Asking for a big favor first, then requesting something smaller once rejected.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Discomfort felt when attitudes and behaviors conflict, leading to adjustments in one to reduce discomfort.

Belief Perseverance

Holding onto beliefs despite contradictory evidence.

Confirmation Bias

Seeking information that supports our beliefs and ignoring opposing evidence.

Stereotypes

Generalized beliefs about a group.

Prejudice

Unjustified attitude toward a group.

Discrimination

Unjustified action based on prejudice.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious prejudices that affect our behavior.

Ingroup Bias

Favoring our own group over others.

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias

Seeing members of another group as being all the same.

Ethnocentrism

Viewing one’s culture as superior to others.

Just-World Phenomenon

Believing the world is fair and that people get what they deserve.

Normative Influence

Conforming to fit in or to be accepted by others.

Informational Influence

Conforming because you believe the information provided by others is correct.

Asch's Conformity Experiment

Study where people conformed to incorrect group answers during a line test.

Milgram's Obedience Experiment

Study where participants followed authority figures and delivered fake shocks to a learner.

Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment

Demonstrated how roles and situational factors can influence behavior.

Group Polarization

Discussions strengthen preexisting beliefs within groups.

Groupthink

Desire for harmony leads to poor decision-making within a group.

Social Loafing

People exert less effort in group tasks compared to individual tasks.

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in group settings.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Assuming others will take action, which often leads to inaction.

Social Facilitation

Presence of others improves performance on easy tasks and worsens it on difficult tasks.

False Consensus Effect

Overestimating how much others agree with our beliefs.

Superordinate Goals

Shared goals that require cooperation between groups to achieve.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Bystander Effect

People are less likely to help when others are present.