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Environmental Science
APES Lap 4
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Environmental Science
11th
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125 Terms
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atmosphere
thin layer of gases that surrounds earth
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stratosphere
absorbs radiation
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mesosphere
burns up meteors
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troposphere
moderates climate
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troposphere
transports and recycles water and nutrients
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78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon
composition of atmosphere
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water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane
variable amounts of ________ in atmosphere
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thermosphere
atmosphere's top layer
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thermosphere
where northern lights happen
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troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
layers of atmosphere
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troposphere
the lowest atmospheric layer; from 4 to 11 miles high
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troposphere
air for breathing
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troposphere
temperature declines with altitude
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statosphere
contains ozone layer
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stratosphere
temperature increases with altitude
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mesosphere
temperature decreases with altitude
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mesosphere
extremely low air pressure
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thermosphere
ionic radiation, very hot, very thin air
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tropopause
limits mixing between troposphere and the layer above it
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atmospheric pressure
measures the force per unit area produced by a column of air
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decreases
atmospheric pressure _______ with altitude
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relative humidity
the ratio of water vapor a given volume of air contains to the amount it could contain at a given temperature
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location, time
temperature varies with ________ and ________
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ozone, burning fossil fuels
____ found in the troposphere is from _________
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troposphere
region most affected by the greenhouse gas effect
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troposphere
region that contains the majority of molecules in the atmosphere
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heats air, moves air, creates seasons, influences weather and climate
energy from the sun _____, ______, ______, _________
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solar radiation
________ is highest near the equator
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toward, half
each hemisphere tilts ______ the sun for ___ the year
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convective circulation
less dense, warmer air rises and creates vertical currents
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warmer, moister
air near Earth's surface is ________ and _______ than air at higher altitudes
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rising, expands, cools
_______ air _____ and _____
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weather
specifies atmospheric conditions over short time periods and within a small geographic areas
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climate
describes patterns of atmospheric conditions across large geographic regions over long periods of time
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front
the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature, moisture, and density
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warm front
the boundary where warm moist air replaces colder, drier air
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cold front
the boundary where colder, drier air displaces warmer, moister air
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high-pressure system
air that moves away from a center of high pressure as it descends
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fair weather
high-pressure systems bring _____
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low-pressure system
air moves toward the low atmospheric pressure at the center of the system and spirals upward
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clouds and precipitation
low=pressure system brings _________
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hadley cells
near the equator, surface air warms, rises, and expands
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moisture, heavy rainfall
hadley cells release ______ and ______ near the equator
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ferrel and polar cells
life air
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coriolis effect
the north-south air currents of the convective cells appear to deflected from a straight path
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curving global wind patterns
the coriolis effect results in _________
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doldrums
near the equator, few winds
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trade winds
between the equator and 30 degrees latitude, blow from east to west
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westerlies
from 30 to 60 degrees latitude, originate from the west and blow east
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lichen, sulfur
____ is an indicator species for bad because it is sensitive to ____
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hazardous atmosphere
-contains a toxic chemical above the PEL
- has less than 19.5% oxygen
- contains a combustible gas within its explosive limit
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air pollution
material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate and harm organisms, including humans
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natural or anthroprogenic
______ or _____ air pollution release directly into the air
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dust storms, volcanoes, fires
natural sources of air pollution
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volcanism
contributes to the cooling of earth's atmosphere
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primary pollutants
directly harmful and can react to form harmful substances
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secondary pollutants
form when primary pollutants interact or react with constituents or components of the atmosphere
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NO
nitrogen oxide
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NO2
nitrogen dioxide
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NO3
nitrate
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NO2
nitrite
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HNO3
nitric acid
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SO4
sulfate
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H2SO4
sulfuric acid
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H2CO3
carbonic acid
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HNO2
nitrous acid
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carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter
primary pollutants
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nitric acid, PANs, ozone, sulfuric acid
secondary pollutants
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air pollutants
gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere
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sunlight, water, oxygen
secondary pollutants undergo a transformation in the presence of ______, ________, _______
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carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, suspended particulates, volatile organic compounds, ozone
major pollutants
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CO, SO2, NOx, VOCs, PM, lead
six criteria pollutants
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CO2
not regulated ad a pollutant under the U.S. Clean Air Act
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incomplete combustion
CO is a highly toxic gas that forms during the _______ of carbon-containing materials
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60,000
SPM is responsible for about ______ premature deaths a year in the US
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dust storms
hundreds of millions of tons of dust are blown westward across the Atlantic Ocean by trade winds every year
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unsustainable farming and grazing, erosion, desertification
dust storms come from
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aerosols
reflect sunlight back into space and cool the atmosphere and surface
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volatile organic compounds
emitted as gases from liquids or solids
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smog
unhealthy mixtures of air pollutants over urban areas
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industrial smog
industries burn coal or oil; fossil-fuel combustion
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cool hilly areas
where does industrial smog occur
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SOx
primary pollutants of industrial smog
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SO3, H2SO4, PM
secondary pollutants of industrial smog
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fossil fuel burning
anthropogenic source of industrial smog
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Beijing, China
areas with industrial smog problems
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photochemical smog
morning traffic exhaust releases
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NOx, VOCs
primary pollutants of photochemical smog
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ozone, PANs
secondary pollutants of photochemical smog
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Los Angeles, California
problem location of photochemical smog
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hot sunny and windless days
when would photochemical smog happen
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Mexico City
another place where photochemical smog happens
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precipitation, wind, sea salt spray, chemical reaction
reduction in air pollution
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buildings block wind, hills and mountains, urban heat island, temperature inversions, migrating pollution, VOCs
increases air pollution
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thermal inversion
a layer of cool air occurs beneath a layer of warmer air
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inversion layer
the band of air in which temperature rises with altitude
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urban heat island
cities often hotter than surrounding countryside
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buildings block wind, heating buildings, little surface water, stone re-emits solar energy
causes of urban heat island
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Montreal Protocol
restricted CFC production globally
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hot, dry, clear, no wind
ozone action days
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