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Principal host of C. fetus subsp. venerealis
Cattle (bulls and cows)
Disease caused by C. fetus subsp. venerealis
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
Principal host of C. fetus subsp. fetus
Sheep
Disease caused by C. fetus subsp. fetus
Ovine abortion
Principal host of C. jejuni
Various animals, zoonotic to humans
Disease caused by C. jejuni
Intestinal campylobacteriosis (diarrhea)
Principal host of C. mucosalis
Swine
Disease caused by C. mucosalis
Porcine intestinal proliferative disease
Shape of Campylobacter bacteria
Curved, S-shaped, or seagull-shaped rods
Gram staining of Campylobacter
Gram-negative
Motility characteristic of Campylobacter
Darting motility via polar flagella
Common stain for Campylobacter in smears
DCF stain (4 minutes)
Atmospheric requirement for Campylobacter
Microaerophilic (5% O₂, 10% CO₂, 85% N₂)
Optimal temperature for C. fetus culture
37°C
Colony appearance of C. fetus
Small, round, translucent “dewdrop” colonies
Optimal temperature for C. jejuni culture
42°C
Colony appearance of C. jejuni
Flat, grey, spreading, watery colonies
Selective medium for C. jejuni
Blaser’s Campy-BAP
Selective medium for C. fetus
Brucella or Columbia agar with antibiotics
Cultural characteristic of C. mucosalis colonies
Dirty-yellow colonies on Columbia blood agar
Biochemical nature of Campylobacter
Non-fermentative and non-hemolytic
Positive biochemical tests for Campylobacter
Oxidase, nitrate reduction, H₂S production
Unique biochemical property of C. jejuni
Hydrolyzes sodium hippurate
Catalase reaction of Campylobacter
Variable
Heat resistance of C. fetus
Killed at 60°C in 5 minutes
Environmental survival of C. fetus
10–20 days in moist soil or manure
Major antigen of C. fetus subsp. venerealis
O antigen and W antigen (Surface Array Protein)
Function of W antigen in C. fetus
Immune evasion by altering after sIgA response
Transmission route of C. fetus subsp. venerealis
Venereal (natural service or AI)
Pathogenesis of C. fetus subsp. venerealis in cows
Invades uterus → endometritis, salpingitis, infertility
Transmission route of C. fetus subsp. fetus
Ingestion
Pathogenesis of C. fetus subsp. fetus
Bacteremia → placentitis → late gestation abortion
Toxins produced by C. jejuni
Adhesin, cytotoxin, heat-labile toxin
Transmission route of C. jejuni
Fecal-oral
Pathogenesis of C. mucosalis
Invasion of mucosa → immature epithelial proliferation
Preferred diagnostic sample for C. fetus
Preputial washings, cervical mucus
Preferred diagnostic sample for C. jejuni
Feces or rectal swabs
Microscopy method for C. jejuni detection
Wet mount showing darting motility
Stain for C. mucosalis
Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) stain
Hippurate test result for C. jejuni
Positive (deep purple after ninhydrin)
Most reliable serological test for C. fetus venerealis
Cervical mucus agglutination test
Drawback of serum agglutination in Campylobacteriosis
Unreliable
Limitations of fluorescent antibody test
Cannot differentiate subspecies
Mating test for Campylobacteriosis
Virgin heifers are bred with suspect bulls, monitored for infection
Purpose of virgin heifer test
Confirm venereal transmission by detecting infection post-mating
Zoonotic Campylobacter species
C. jejuni
Minimum infective dose of C. jejuni in humans
~500 CFU/mL in milk
Human symptoms of Campylobacteriosis
Fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea
Preventive method for abortion outbreaks
Hygiene, isolation, restrict wildlife access
Vaccine use in Campylobacter prevention
Killed bacterins used prophylactically and therapeutically