Geography EOY Oceans

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GEO

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33 Terms

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Currents cause and location

Form from heat, more by equator, less by poles.

Thermohaline conveyor belt slowing down due to climate change, effecting weather patterns.

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Upwelling impacts

Supports fisheries providing nutrients, Can wash larvae inland decreasing survival chances

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Funneling of currents

Increases intensity, washing marine life and plants off the sea floor in that area

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Ocean impact on climate

Moderates climate temperature, eddies provide heat and nutrient inland

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La Niña

Cools Pacific Ocean, trade winds from East (USA) to West (China)

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ENSO

El Niño Southern Oscillation - Heats pacific Ocean, trade winds West (China) to East (USA)

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Ocean surface temps and storm power

Increasing surface temperature reflects an increase in storm power - impacts of climate change.

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Ocean acidification

CO2 forms carbonic acid, releases H+ ion to stabilise. This increases ocean pH to be more acidic (overall still alkali)

Released H+ ion can bind to calcium carbonate, depriving marine organisms of calcium for shells e.t.c…

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Litoral cell system

Each cell is self contained and deposition/erosion is balanced. Changes can have a knock on effect across cells

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Wave refraction

Occurs at headlands/bays, impacts the intensity of the waves concentrating them on headlands and dissipating them in bays

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Eustatic change

Sea level change due to differences in water volume

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Isostatic change

Sea level change due to differences in land level

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Emergent coastline

Advancing, caused by local fall in sea level

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Submergent coastline

retreating, caused by local rise in sea level

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Dune types

Embryo Dune > Dune > Yellow Dune > Grey Dune > Woodlands / vegetated area.

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Sea zones

12 nautical miles = territorial

200 nautical miles = EEZ (Exclusive economic zones)

rest = High seas

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Manganese nodules

Mg and Fe enriched by Nickel, Copper and Cobalt for electronics

Discharge plumes can effect marine feeding mechanisms and disturb marine life

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Ocean pollution

8,000,000 tonnes of plastic per year

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ENSO impacts

Environment: 2023 prolonged dry season in Indonesia causing wildfires

Social: 2015 mudslides in Guatemala caused 500 deaths in Oct

Economic/Political: According to WFP, 2.3 million central Americans will need food assistance

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Coral reefs

Important for medicine developments

£5.7 trillion estimated global value

Reduces wave energy up to 95%

Pressures: Pollution, bleaching, warming ocean, ocean acidification

The richest reefs in the world in the “coral triangle” in Southeast Asia, consists of two thirds of the worlds coral species and covers 16,500 km2

Example: Cebu, Philippines (part of the coral triangle in west Pacific Ocean)

Threats: Large amounts of tourism. Fuel spills from boats. Overfishing and use of cyanide/dynamite in the practice of stun fishing. Local sewage dispersal and fertilizer runoff. Extraction of limestone for the construction industry. Reef bleaching

Management: Policing of protected areas, sustainable fishing rules for local fishermen (catch quotas), ban of stun fishing/ Education programmes for tourists and local coral farming to develop new reef areas.

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Mangrove forests

Transitional zone between land and sea

Huge carbon sinks and nutrient providers for marine life

Example: Sundarbans mangrove forest – Southwest of Bangladesh

Threats: Unsustainable, pollutive and invasive species introduction due to agriculture. Long term damage and corrupt forest rangers giving logging permits to locals by taking bribes. Dangerous species

Management: “The Bangladesh Forest Department (BFD) under the Ministry for Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is enabled to manage the Sundarbans in a sustainable manner through co-management by involving local resource users, efficient and standardised patrolling, and a proper ecological monitoring.”

Sustainable use of forest resources and education on regulation and rules for rangers. Working with stakeholders and the “Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART)” as well as ecological monitoring

 

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EEZ and ocean politics issues

Competition over arctic and subcontinental shelfs - Russia staking largest claim planting flag under arctic bed - High likelihood of oil and gas reserves.

Rockall – oil rock in Atlantic fighting for ownership by UK, Ireland, Denmark and Iceland.

East China sea (China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Control of waters and gas fields) - Between median line for Japan and China

Ascension islands (UK claimed, Mineral deposits) - No nearby neighbours so no one to challenge claim

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Rias definition

A river valley near the coast that has been inundated be the sea as relative levels have risen

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Dalmatian coastline definition

A series of longitudinal river valleys next to the coasty that have been inundated leaving ridges of highland as islands.

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Fjard definiton

Glaciated lowland areas that have since been flooded

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Relict cliff definition

Features of past coastal erosion, such as caves, arches and stumps that are now well above the active coastal zone.

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Fjord definiton

A glaciated U-shaped valley. Glaciers form U-shaped valleys and during the ice age they eroded to below sea level. With ice melt the valleys were flooded, creating deep, narrow inlets. They have steep rising walls, a straighter long profile and are significantly deeper than the rias due to glacial deepening.

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Overfishing

40% of catch wasted or unmanaged. Bycatch refers to wasted unwanted fish.

TAC refers to total allowable catch for commercial fish stocks. Studies of stocks are used to determine this number.

Ireland worst (17.8%, 31000 tonnes), Uk second worse (15%, 80,000) at going over TAC.

Exceeding quotas may lead to ecological impacts, if exceed the maximum sustainable yield (amount extracted without reducing reproduction capabilities of fish)

Solutions: Tariffs, Vessel number restrictions, decreased TAC’s and quotas, more regulation on licensing, aquaculture (ocean blue sea farm largest next to Panama Canal)

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UNCLOS

UN convention of the law of the sea - 1982

Set out EEZ’s and transit passages.

Legal framework but not obligatory for country to follow recommendations

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Sea law examples

UNCLOS

MARPOL

Break free from plastic movement

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Deepwater horizon spill

Killed 11 workers and injured 17 others

State of emergency in Louisiana

The spill threatens environmental disaster due to factors such as petroleum toxicity and oxygen depletion.

As of the 25th June, there had been 1539 dead animals found in the spill zone

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Coastal management perspectives - south east England Hastings beach

The risks are mainly coastal flooding, resulting from increased storm surge frequency and rising sea levels.

15% of Kents population is at risk from coastal flooding

Up to 2m a year erosion with periods of faster erosion becoming more frequent. 

55,000 homes, 5000 commercial properties, 4000ha of agricultural land and £5.6 billion property value at risk from erosion in Kent.

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St Lucia

Carribean island

Soufière Marine Management Area (SMMA) introduced in 1955. NGO authorized by the St Lucian government for the promotion of sustainable use and development of the area and marine environment.

The SMMA consists of 11km of coastline divided into 5 distinct categories of use:

Marine reserves - protection

Fishing priority areas – local fishermen

Yacht areas - tourism

Recreational areas - tourism

Multi-use areas – regulated by existing legislation

Illegal sand-mining due to lack of surveillance - high priority on stakeholder value not area upkeep so little/no surveillance