AP Chemistry Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts for the AP Chemistry exam based on lecture notes.

VSEPR Theory

Predicts the geometry of molecules based on electron repulsion.

Tetrahedral Geometry

Molecular geometry with four atoms bonded to a central atom and a bond angle of 109.5°.

Trigonal Pyramidal Geometry

Molecular geometry with three atoms bonded to a central atom and one lone pair, and a bond angle of approximately 109.5°.

Bent Geometry

Molecular geometry with two atoms bonded to a central atom and two lone pairs, and a bond angle of approximately 109.5° or two atoms bonded to a central atom and one lone pair with a bond angle of approximately 120°.

Trigonal Planar Geometry

Molecular geometry with three atoms bonded to a central atom and bond angles of 120°.

Linear Geometry

Molecular geometry with two atoms bonded to a central atom and a bond angle of 180°.

Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry

Molecular geometry with five atoms around a central atom, with bond angles of 90° and 120°.

Octahedral Geometry

Molecular geometry with six atoms around a central atom, with bond angles of 90°.

Hydrogen Bonding

Occurs in molecules with O–H, N–H, or F–H bonds.

Microwave Radiation Effect

Causes molecules to rotate.

Infrared Radiation Effect

Causes molecules to vibrate.

UV and Visible Light Radiation Effect

Causes electrons to be promoted to higher energy levels, ionize, or break covalent bonds.

Solubility Rule 1

Any ionic compound containing Na+, K+, or NH4+ ions will be soluble in water.

Solubility Rule 2

Any ionic compound containing the NO3– ion will be soluble in water.

Zero Order Reaction

[A] vs time is a straight line

First Order Reaction

ln[A] vs time is a straight line

Second Order Reaction

1/[A] vs time is a straight line

Thermochemistry Equation (ΔH)

ΔH = Σ H bonds broken – Σ H bonds formed (LEFT SIDE – RIGHT SIDE)

Percent Error

|𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟| / 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 100

Strong Acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, and HClO4.

Strong Bases

Group 1 and 2 hydroxides.

Dilution Equation

M1V1 = M2V2

Titration Equation

MAVA = MBVB

Half-Equivalence Point (Titration)

pH = pKa of a weak acid.

Exothermic Process

ΔH < 0

Endothermic Process

ΔH > 0

Thermodynamically Favored Process

ΔG < 0

Non-Thermodynamically Favored Process

ΔG > 0

RED CAT

Reduction at the cathode

AN OX

Oxidation at the anode

OIL RIG

Oxidation is losing, reduction is gaining electrons

The CAT gets FAT

Metallic cathodes increase in mass

Electrons in a wire

Electrons move through the wire from anode to cathode.

Ions moving through a salt bridge

Anions flow through the salt bridge toward the anode, cations toward the cathode.