Changes in the Land Test 1

Enviromental History

The study of how humans & the natural environment interact and affect each other.

Betoken

(v.) to be a sign that something exists or will happen

declension

The change of endings in nouns and - to express their different relations of gender.

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Boc

"after this, therfore, because of this" cause and effect

Teleogical

An idea that things, events, and actions are best understood by their purpose and not their cause.

Monolithic

Exactly the same throughout; lacking any diversity

a priori

"From the earlier" to describe previous knowledge or reasoning to prove something, not experience based.

dialectical

Two opposing ideas that can both be true at the same time to creat a new understanding.

1983

What year did Changes in the Land come out

No

Was nature very present in most traditional histporic studies

thesis

"the well known historical shift from "Indian" to European control in America had very important yet lesser known effects" is a pharaphrase of Cronons _____

Henry David Thoreau

Who wrote the journal entry used in chapter one

1855

What year was Henry David Thoreau's journal entry from

Benjamin Rush

Who was Thoreau's peer who saw changes from forest to agriculure feilds which he attributed to the shift from Natives to Europeans

economic

The transition of New England from Indian to colonial land was as much as ______ revolution, as a cultural revolution

Travelers and Naturalists

What source did Cronon use that was able to provide a description of what New England looked like before and after European settlement.

Official records

What source did Cronon use that was limited but could identify patterns in ecological changes from statistics and numbers

Ecological Data

What source did Cronon use that included tree rings, charcoal desposits, and fossil pollen to estimate change and time.

Ecological Science

What source did Cronon use that was very difficult to use indivually but pieced together could provide a larger picture under a bigger change,

nomenclature

naming system- Colonial nomenclature was rarely accurate and colonist frequently confused species which is why so many primary sources and records are inaccurate

idk

Historians blamed all natural occurances like floods, insect invasion, and climate changes on Europeans during this time. Answer:idk

changing

"There has been no timeless wilderness in a state of perfect changelessness, no climax forest in permanent statis" Cronon argues that every forest is constantly _________

Virgin Land

The Europeans believed that New England forest was untouched by humans so they called it

dialectical

"An ecological history begins by assuming a dynamic and changing relationship between environment and culture" -Cronon is saying that natural environment and and human culture are _______

environment

"changes in the way people create and re-create their luvelihood must be analyzed in terms of changes not only in their social relations but in their ecological ones as well" - Cronon is saying that jobs and the amount of jobs was largly influenced by the _______

Columbian Exchanges

What brought organisms like small pox, pigs, and horses and a new culture and need to change the environment.

apologist

a person who makes an argument in support of someone or something

vacuum domicilum

A legal document for an "empty dwelling" that was used by the English to describe unmarked land

Soverneignty

the absolute authority that a government has over its citizens

Sachem

A chief of a North American tribe or confederation (especially an Algonquian chief)

usufruct rights

rights to use a resource or land but not to own or sell it- loan typically after the previous owner has deceased.

Angualsicook

Means "place of barter" in Mahican. A neutral place where tribes and groups could meet to trade and exchange.

Cultural Concepts

ecological fallacy, ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, culture shock

Substinence Agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

commodity

a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.

Capital

Any assest, money, or reasources that can create value of profit

betokened

to give evidence of; indicate

epidemic

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.

wampum

Belts or strings of polished seashells that were used for trading gift-giving by Iroquois & other Native Americans

Prestige Goods

A term used to designate a limited range of exchange goods to which a society ascribes high status or value.

productive

Did Roger Williams see native land use as productive or lazy

Reasources are

The Indians didn't own the land itself but the ______ on the land

place-names

What did Indians typically use to name places and things

William Pynchon

Who was the first to "buy" land from the Natives. The Native thought they were loaing rights to the European but were keeping their rights to hunt and fish on the land

profiting

For the English improving the land just meant___________ of it more

Marshall Sahlins

An anthropoligst who describe Natives not as lazy, but desiring less

John Locke

Who saw the Indians as lazy because they had lots of reasources but used very few of them

Fur

What was the original resource traded by Europeans in the Americas

Fish

What industry took over after the fur trade and fueled colonization

disease

What was "the single most dramatic ecological change in Indians lives"

social disorder

Death created _______ because Natives were without leaders, and missing cycles of their hunting and agricultues

80-90%

What was the mortatily rate of diseases in Native Populations

Beavers

What animal was primarily hunted in the Fur trade

Natives

Who was better at hunting; Europeans or Natives

Overhunting

What was one of the main reasons for the fur trade to end

Beavers

After being over hunted, what animal left ponds and rich fertile soil for colonists to grow crops in

Merchantable Commodities

Goods or products that are suitable for buying and selling such as crops, raw materials, and metals.

Wigwam

A native American lodge frequently having an oval shape and covered with bark or hides

Longhouse

a long wooden building in which several families could live

Alewives

fish similar to herring

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Liebig's Law

Principal dealing with the limiting factors that determine a species range.

Monoculture

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

Stoicism

An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.

Succession

A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over time.

edge effect

different environmental conditions that occur along the boundaries of an ecosystem

fish, fur, and timber

When the Europeans first arrived in the New World, what reasources where most valuable to them?

profit

The colonists saw nature as possible ________

North

Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, have mostly beech, yellow birch, and Maple Trees

South

Connecicut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, has black red and white oaks

quaking bogs

are a floating mat of peat over open water- cranberries thrive in this habitat

Pines

What trees impressed the colonists most

Agriculture

What did Southern New England Natives typically use as a their source for food

Hunter

What did Northern New England Natives typically use as a their source for food

Southern

Did Northern or Southern Natives have a denser population

cornstalk, beanpoles, and tendrils

What was the trio used by Indians for planting

Women

Who in tribes worked more in agriculutral, providing food, gathering shellfish, and plants, and making garments.

False

True of False; Squanto and the Natives used fish as feritizler

fire

What did Natives to clear a feild for farming

Lazy

How did the Englishmen see the Natives because their wives did most of the labor while they hunted and 'had fun'