States of Matter

Gas, Liquid, Solid, Plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate

List the five states of matter.

Mesophase

What is the fourth state of matter called in physical pharmacy?

Liquid crystals and supercritical fluids

What are examples of mesophases?

Solid

Which state has a definite shape and definite volume?

Liquid

Which state has an indefinite shape but definite volume?

Gas

Which state has an indefinite shape and indefinite volume?

Rigid particles

How are particles arranged in a solid?

Particles slide past one another

How do particles move in a liquid?

Constant random motion

How do particles move in a gas?

Solid

Which state does not flow easily?

Liquid and gas

Which states flow easily?

Solid and liquid

Which states are essentially incompressible?

Gas

Which state is compressible?

Strong IMFA

Which state of matter has the strongest intermolecular forces?

Intermediate IMFA

Which state of matter has intermediate intermolecular forces?

Weak IMFA

Which state of matter has the weakest intermolecular forces?

Fusion (melting)

What phase change converts a solid into a liquid?

Freezing

What phase change converts a liquid into a solid?

Vaporization

What phase change converts a liquid into a gas?

Condensation

What phase change converts a gas into a liquid?

Sublimation

What phase change converts a solid directly into a gas?

Deposition

What phase change converts a gas directly into a solid?

Ionization

What phase change converts a gas into plasma?

Deionization (recombination)

What phase change converts plasma into a gas?

Latent heat

What is the heat absorbed or released during a phase change without changing temperature?

Molar heat of fusion (ΔHfus)

What is the heat required to melt one mole of a substance?

Molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap)

What is the heat required to convert one mole of liquid into gas?

Molar heat of sublimation (ΔHsub)

What is the heat required to convert one mole of solid directly into gas?

Liquid crystalline state

What is another name for liquid crystals?

Intermediate between solids and liquids

How are liquid crystals best described?

Flow properties

What property allows liquid crystals to behave like liquids?

Birefringence

What optical property allows liquid crystals to split light into two rays?

Color changes with temperature

What visual property do liquid crystals exhibit?

Sensitivity to electric fields

What property makes liquid crystals useful in LCDs?

Anisotropy

What property allows liquid crystals to exhibit different properties in different directions?

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

What is the major application of liquid crystals?

Mesogen

What molecule is capable of forming a mesophase?

Rigid structure

What is one characteristic of a mesogen?

Organic molecule

What type of molecule is typically a mesogen?

Strong dipole and easily polarizable groups

What electronic property is characteristic of mesogens?

Elongated, rectilinear shape

What molecular shape is typical of mesogens?

Lyotropic liquid crystals

Which liquid crystals form through the action of solvents on solid mesogens?

Thermotropic liquid crystals

Which liquid crystals form by heating solid mesogens?

Smectic

Which thermotropic liquid crystal has molecules arranged in layers?

Nematic

Which thermotropic liquid crystal has molecules aligned parallel but without layers?

Cholesteric

Which thermotropic liquid crystal has a twisted helical arrangement?

Layer-like arrangement

How are molecules arranged in the smectic phase?

Parallel arrangement

How are molecules arranged in the nematic phase?

Twisted helical arrangement

How are molecules arranged in the cholesteric phase?

Lamellar

Which lyotropic liquid crystal is most important in pharmacy?

Liposomal drug delivery systems

What is the pharmaceutical application of lamellar liquid crystals?

Hexagonal

What is one type of lyotropic liquid crystal?

Cubic

What is one type of lyotropic liquid crystal?

Lyotropic nematic

What is another type of lyotropic liquid crystal?

Supercritical fluid (SCF)

What mesophase exhibits properties intermediate between liquids and gases?

Beyond the critical point

Under what conditions is a supercritical fluid formed?

Critical point

What combination of temperature and pressure forms a supercritical fluid?

Critical pressure (Pc)

What is the minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature?

Critical temperature (Tc)

Above what temperature can a gas no longer be liquefied regardless of pressure?

Extraction

What is one pharmaceutical use of supercritical fluids?

Chromatography

What analytical technique commonly uses supercritical fluids?

Crystallization

What formulation process uses supercritical fluids?

Formulation development

What pharmaceutical development process uses supercritical fluids?

Decaffeination of coffee

What is a common industrial application of supercritical CO₂?

Removal of toxic waste

What environmental application uses supercritical fluids?

Gibbs' Phase Rule

What equation relates components, phases, and degrees of freedom?

F = C − P + 2

What is Gibbs' Phase Rule equation?

Degrees of freedom

What does F represent in Gibbs' Phase Rule?

Components

What does C represent in Gibbs' Phase Rule?

Phases

What does P represent in Gibbs' Phase Rule?

Phase

What is a homogeneous, physically distinct part of a system separated by boundaries?

Component

What is an independent chemical constituent of a system?

One phase

How many phases are present in a saline solution?

Two phases

How many phases are present in an oil-in-water emulsion?

Two components

How many components are in a 70% ethanol solution?

Three components

How many components are in gallstone (water, surfactant, oil)?

Y-curve

What is the pattern of the phase diagram for a one-component system?

Triple point

What point on a phase diagram represents the coexistence of solid, liquid, and gas?

One phase only

How many phases exist inside the solid, liquid, or gas regions of a phase diagram?

Two phases

How many phases coexist along the phase boundary lines?

Invariant (F = 0)

What is the degree of freedom at the triple point of a one-component system?

Univariant (F = 1)

What is the degree of freedom along a phase boundary?

Bivariant (F = 2)

What is the degree of freedom within a single-phase region?

Condensed system

What system ignores the vapor phase and considers only solids and liquids?

Modified Gibbs' Phase Rule: F = C − P + 1

What equation is used for condensed systems?

Phenol-water mixture

What is the classic example of a two-component liquid-liquid system?

U-shaped or O-shaped curve

What is the characteristic phase diagram of a liquid-liquid two-component system?

Critical solution temperature (CST)

What is the maximum or minimum temperature at which two liquid phases exist?

Upper consolute temperature (UCST)

Which CST is the maximum temperature for two-phase existence?

Lower consolute temperature (LCST)

Which CST is the minimum temperature for two-phase existence?

Above the UCST

At what condition are components completely miscible in all proportions?

Below the LCST

At what condition are components completely miscible in all proportions?

Eutectic mixture

What type of two-component system contains both solid and liquid phases?

M-shaped curve

What is the characteristic phase diagram of a eutectic system?

Salol-thymol

Give one example of a eutectic system.

Salol-camphor

Give another example of a eutectic system.

Acetaminophen-propyphenazone

Give another example of a eutectic system.

Eutectic point

What is the lowest temperature at which solid A, solid B, and liquid coexist?

Liquid mixture ("melt")

What is another term for the liquid phase in a eutectic system?

Liquid + solid A

Which phases exist above the left liquidus curve?