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Concert Spirituel
the earliest significant European concert series, organized in Paris
development
section after exposition and before recapitulation in sonata form. Develops themes with related keys before returning to the home key.
divertimento
Italian for entertainment music. usually scored for a combination of solo instruments and was light in approach
exposition
the opening portion of the sonata form, introduces the tonic and main secondary keys as well as main thematic material.
minuet and trio
the triple-meter form used in the third movement of the four-movement Classical symphony.
recapitulation
the final section of sonata form. the thematic material is restated in a way that ends in the tonic, often reinforced by a coda.
rondo
a Classical form with an opening thematic section that alternates with “episodes,” then concludes with the theme (and often a coda); common in last movements of symphonies, concertos, and keyboard sonatas.
sonata form
three part structure consisting of exposition, development, and recapitulation
string quartet
a chamber ensemble of four string players—two violinists, a violist, and a cellist; also, a piece written to be performed by this group.
Sturm und Drang
German for “storm and stress”; an aesthetic movement where Austrian and German composers aimed to depict emotional changes in the most dramatic way possible, sometimes leading to formal innovations.
symphony
a substantial composition for full orchestra, typically in four movements, related tonally and often thematically
thematic work
technique developed during Franz Joseph Haydn’s time to work out the potential of thematic material and maximize the music’s expressive potential.
aesthetic
critical reflection on art, culture, and nature
double exposition
opening of a concerto where the first part of an exposition is by the orchestra, all in the tonic key; and in the second part, the soloist enters and the music modulates for the first time.
romanticism
a movement emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the importance of the individual
sinfonia concertante
multimovement successor to the concerto grosso that features two or more soloists who interact more with one another than with the larger ensemble.
Singspiel
German for “singing play”; operatic works in German with spoken dialogue instead of a recitative.
sublime
the notion of the great and incomprehensible, even the painful and terrifying, being greater than the merely beautiful.
organicism
all movements of a musical composition are thematically related, based on the work’s opening measures.
scherzo
Italian for “joke”; a movement that replaces the slower minuet and trio in a four-movement work
