Socialism

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Flashcards about Socialism

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49 Terms

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Socialism

Focusing on co-operation and the role of the society and community.

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Revolutionary Socialism

Believes capitalism should be overthrown.

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Evolutionary Socialism

Believes capitalism can be reformed.

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Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels

Revolutionary Socialists who were highly critical of capitalism and advocated for a revolution to overthrow it.

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Rosa Luxemburg

Revolutionary Socialist who agreed with Marx & Engels that capitalism should be overthrown but thought a revolution could be ‘spontaneous’.

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Beatrice Webb

Evolutionary Socialist who thought capitalism should be abolished but believed it could be ‘gradually’ replaced by ‘common ownership’.

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Anthony Crosland

Evolutionary Socialist who argued for a ‘mixed economy’ and that Marxist class distinctions were unfit for the 20th century.

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Anthony Giddens

Evolutionary Socialist who advocated for accepting some right-wing economic policies as long as they could be used to promote policies leading to social justice.

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Optimistic Human Nature

Socialists believe that humans should not fear the future or accept their fate and are destined to improve the world.

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Fraternal Human Nature

Socialists see human beings as brotherly and comradely and are naturally inclined to generosity and concern for others.

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Rational Human Nature

Socialists view humans as naturally logical and rational enough to understand that their needs are best served by working together.

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Communal Human Nature

Humans naturally seek to be part of a community and will sacrifice their self-interests for the common good of all.

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Malleable Human Nature

Socialists believe that human nature is malleable and able to be changed.

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Existential Society

Socialist thinkers see society as crucial because there is no understanding of human nature without a society.

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Collectivist Society

Socialists believe that individual efforts are better achieved and more practical when linked to the interests of others.

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Class-focussed Society

Class divisions in society exist, and socialists side with the ‘have nots’ or ‘working classes’ to correct these inequalities.

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Egalitarian Society

Socialists argue that an unequal society means that equality of opportunity is limited and seek to create a more ‘egalitarian society’.

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Fundamental Economy

Socialists place a large amount of importance on the economy.

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Redistributive Economy

To create an equal and more egalitarian society it is necessary for wealth to be redistributed across society.

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Interventionist Economy

Socialists agree that government should intervene in the economy and therefore they reject ‘laissez-faire’ economics and a minimal government.

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Rejection of Anarchism

Socialists advocate for a strong socialist state to replace the capitalist state, unlike anarchists.

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Rejection of Medieval States

A socialist state is incompatible with a monarchical state or a theocratic (religious) state.

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Enlarged State

Socialists agree that a large and extensive state is necessary.

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Class Conflict

Capitalism creates two classes in society, those who have wealth (bourgeoisie) and those who do not (proletariat), leading to class conflict.

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Exploitation of the Masses

The bourgeoisie ‘own the modes of production’ and are able to exploit or oppress the masses.

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Surplus Value

Workers are paid less than the value of their labour, leading to alienation and dehumanization.

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False-Consciousness

Capitalism creates a ‘false consciousness’ which stops individuals from acting in their naturally fraternal way.

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Capitalism is Self-Destructive

Each economic crisis will be worst than the last, leading to people losing their ‘false consciousness’ and gaining a ‘class consciousness’.

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Capitalism cannot be fixed

It is not possible, feasible or desirable to fix capitalism as it only serves the interests of the ‘dominant economic class’.

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Revolution is historically inevitable

History was ‘dialectic’ and a clash between the existing mode of production and those challenging it.

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Dictatorship of the Proletariat

After the inevitable revolution, private property would be replaced with common ownership.

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Critique of Marxism

Capitalism need not reach an advanced stage before a class consciousness could be achieved.

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Spontaneous Revolution

A revolution could and should occur ‘spontaneously’ amongst the people through existing groups such as trade unions.

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Engagement with Existing State

Campaigning in things like elections would be the best way to spread the ideas of socialism.

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Support for Democracy

A post-revolutionary state should be a genuine democracy with actual competition in elections between differing socialist parties.

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Critique of Capitalism

Capitalism should be rejected as an economic system and replaced by a more orderly economy.

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Support for the State

Revolutions were “chaotic”, “unmanageable” and “counterproductive” and the state can bring about socialist changes.

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Gradualism

The existing state should promote a slow but steady movement towards socialism and ‘common ownership’.

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Revisiting Class

Class was more complicated than ‘us and them’ due to the emergence of a ‘managerial class’.

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Mixed Economy

A “pragmatic blend of public and private ownership”.

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Keynesianism

The government can guide the economy towards steady growth and full employment.

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Public Spending not Public Ownership

The government can create constant growth which would lead to more tax revenue which would go towards public spending.

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Welfarism

Policies such as the founding of the NHS, implementing universal education and introduction of social security and benefits system are aimed at tackling inequality and poverty.

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Embourgeoisement

Society had undergone a process of ‘embourgeoisement’ and was becoming more diverse.

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Triangulation

A new form of socialism that bridged the gap between neo-liberal economics and social democracy.

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Remixed Economy

It was perfectly accept to allow private industry to be involved in public services.

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Cultural Equality

A focus on social equality because society had become “more diverse, multi-racial and cosmopolitan”.

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Communitarianism

It was important for the state to repair divisions between groups in society.

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Redistribution of Power

A strong state should share its power rather than centralizing it.