CBSE Class 11 Biology || Anatomy of Flowering Plants || Full Chapter || By Shiksha House

Anatomy

The study of the internal structure of plants.

Tissues

A group of cells that have a similar structure and perform the same function.

Meristematic tissues

Plant tissues that undergo active cell division.

Permanent tissues

Plant tissues that do not undergo cell division.

Meristem

The specialized region in plants where meristematic tissues are present.

Primary meristems

Meristems that help in the development of the primary plant body.

Apical meristem

Meristem found at the tips of the roots or shoots.

Intercalary meristem

Meristem that occurs between mature tissues.

Auxiliary buds

Cells left behind from the shoot apical meristem that can develop into a branch or a flower.

Secondary meristem

Meristem that appears later in a plant's life and is responsible for producing woody axis and secondary tissues.

Dermal tissues

Tissues produced by the apical meristem that form the outer protective covering of the plant.

Ground tissues

Tissues produced by the apical meristem that provide support and storage in the plant.

Vascular tissues

Tissues produced by the apical meristem that transport water, minerals, and nutrients in the plant.

Xylem

The complex permanent tissue responsible for conduction of water and minerals in the plant.

Phloem

The complex permanent tissue responsible for transporting food materials in the plant.

Protoxylem

The type of primary xylem formed in the beginning stages of a plant's life.

Metaxylem

The type of primary xylem formed in the later stages of a plant's life.

Indarch

The arrangement of primary xylem in the stem where protoxylem lies towards the center and metaxylem lies towards the periphery.

Exarch

The arrangement of primary xylem in the roots where protoxylem lies towards the periphery and metaxylem lies towards the center.

Sieve-tube elements

Tube-like structures in the phloem responsible for transporting food materials.

Companion cells

Parenchyma cells closely associated with sieve-tube elements in the phloem.

Phloem parenchyma

The storage tissue in the phloem that stores food material and other substances.

Parenchyma

The simple permanent tissue that functions in photosynthesis, storage, and secretion.

Collenchyma

The simple permanent tissue that provides mechanical support to growing parts of a plant.

Sclerenchyma

The simple permanent tissue that provides mechanical strength to the plant.

Sclerenchyma

A type of simple permanent tissue consisting of long, narrow cells with thick lignified cell walls, providing stiffness and mechanical support to plant organs.

Epidermal tissue system

The outermost covering of the plant body, consisting of epidermal cells, stomata, and epidermal appendages such as trichomes and hairs.

Stomata

Small openings present in the epidermis of leaves, regulating the process of transpiration and gaseous exchange.

Guard cells

Bean-shaped cells surrounding the stomatal pore, containing chloroplasts and regulating the opening and closing of stomata.

Subsidiary cells

Specialized cells associated with guard cells, regulating the shape and size of stomata.

Ground tissue system

Tissue system in primary stems and roots, composed of parenchyma cells found in the cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays.

Mesophyll

Thin-walled, chloroplast-containing cells in the leaves, part of the ground tissue system.

Vascular tissue system

Complex tissues, namely xylem and phloem, forming vascular bundles responsible for transport of water, nutrients, and sugars.

Xylem

Tissue responsible for conducting water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.

Phloem

Tissue responsible for conducting sugars and other organic compounds from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Cambium

A layer of meristematic tissue present between the xylem and phloem in dicotyledonous plants, allowing for secondary growth.

Epidermis

The outermost single-layered tissue of the root, providing protection.

Cortex

Tissue between the epidermis and stele in the root, involved in storage of food material.

Endodermis

Innermost layer of the cortex in the root, consisting of tightly packed cells with suberin deposits, forming a water impermeable barrier.

Pericycle

Tissue in the root responsible for secondary growth and initiation of lateral roots.

Stele

Collective term for the vascular bundles and pith in the root, responsible for transport and support.

Pith

Central region of the root, composed of parenchyma cells, involved in storage of water.

Monocot root

Root structure in monocotyledonous plants, similar to dicot roots but with differences in the number of xylem bundles and size of pith and cortex.

Stem

Main axis or stalk of a plant, developing from the plumule of a germinating seed.

Hypodermis

Outermost zone of the cortex in the stem, consisting of collenchyma cells that strengthen the young stem.

Starch sheath

Innermost zone of the cortex in the stem, consisting of tightly packed rectangular cells rich in starch grains.

Dicot stem

The stem of a dicotyledonous plant, characterized by the presence of pericycle, vascular bundles, and pith.

Pericycle

The region of the dicot stem composed of starch-containing parenchyma cells, located on the inner side of the endodermis above the phloem cells.

Vascular bundles

Bundles of xylem and phloem tissues arranged in a ring within the pericycle of a dicot stem.

Pith

The central region of the dicot stem filled with rounded parenchyma cells and intercellular spaces.

Monocot stem

The stem of a monocotyledonous plant, characterized by the presence of sclerenchyma cells in the hypodermis and scattered vascular bundles.

Hypodermis

The outermost layer of cells in a plant stem, composed of either collenchyma cells in dicots or sclerenchyma cells in monocots.

Conjunct and closed arrangement

The arrangement of vascular bundles in a monocot stem, where they are parallel and enclosed by the ground tissue.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of cells covering the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf.

Mesophyll

The tissue located between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf, responsible for photosynthesis.

Palisade parenchyma

The elongated cells located near the upper epidermis of a dicot leaf, responsible for photosynthesis.

Spongy parenchyma

The loosely arranged cells located below the palisade parenchyma in a dicot leaf, with large intercellular spaces and air cavities.

Vascular system

The network of vascular bundles in a leaf, responsible for the transport of water, nutrients, and sugars.

Isobilateral leaf

A leaf with identical structures on both sides of its axis, showing parallel venation, characteristic of monocots.

Bulliform cells

Large, bubble-shaped, colorless cells found in the upper epidermis of monocot leaves, involved in leaf movement in response to water availability.

Secondary growth

The growth process in plants that leads to the formation of the woody axis or an increase in stem and root girth.

Vascular cambium

A secondary meristem located between the primary xylem and primary phloem of a vascular bundle, responsible for secondary growth in stems.

Cork cambium

A secondary meristem that produces cork cells, contributing to the formation of the protective outer bark in woody plants.

Cambium ring

The complete ring of cambium formed by the fusion of intra-vesicular cambium and inter-fascicular cambium during secondary growth.

Secondary xylem

The wood tissue formed on the inner side of the cambium ring during secondary growth, responsible for water conduction and mechanical support.

Secondary phloem

The tissue formed on the outer side of the cambium ring during secondary growth, responsible for sugar transport.

Heartwood

The dark-colored, central region of the secondary xylem in a tree trunk, consisting of dead cells with highly lignified walls, providing mechanical support.

Sapwood

The lighter-colored, peripheral region of the secondary xylem in a tree trunk, involved in water and mineral conduction.

Cortex

The region where secondary growth takes place due to vascular cambium activity.

Secondary growth

The increase in girth of the stem or root resulting from the activity of vascular cambium.

Vascular cambium

A meristematic tissue responsible for secondary growth in plants.

Cortical layers

The layers of cells in the cortex that need to be replaced during secondary growth.

Cork cambium

Another meristematic tissue that develops in the cortex region and differentiates into cork or vellum tissue.

Felagin

The inner surface of cork cambium that differentiates into secondary cortex or Feladumb.

Feladumb

The secondary cortex formed from the differentiation of cells in the inner surface of cork cambium.

Paradigm tissues

The collective term for cork, Felagin, and Feladumb resulting from secondary growth in the cortex.

Buck bark

The outermost layer of the stem and roots of woody plants, consisting of secondary phloem and paradigm tissues.

Lenticels

Lens-shaped openings on the stem that are formed by the breaking of the epidermis and facilitate gaseous exchange.

Dicot

A type of flowering plant that undergoes secondary growth in stems and roots.

Monocot

A type of flowering plant that lacks secondary growth.