Ap HuG Unit 3b Vocab

Abrahamic religion

A religion whose followers believe in the prophet Abraham. [Term]s believe that Abraham and his descendants are foundational figures in the establishment of their religion and that their life stories play an important role in spiritual development. The best known [Term]s are Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

Animistic Religions

The belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth

Buddhism

Is the fourth largest religion, with about 350 million adherents. [Term] was founded in Northern India, Siddhartha Gautama. The core Buddhist belief is reincarnation. In this concept, people are reborn after dying. One can attain Nirvana if one releases their attachment to desire and self. Today, [Term] is a majority faith in Southeast Asia, China, and Japan.

Caste System

The strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation

Christianity

Is the largest universalizing religion, both in area and in number, with about two billion adherents. Founded on the teachings of Jesus, is monotheistic, believing that God is a Trinity and Jesus Christ is the Son of God. The three main branches of [Term] are Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants. Roman Catholics are predominant in Southwest Europe and Latin America, Protestants in Northwest Europe and North America, and Orthodox in Eastern Europe. Eastern Orthodoxy is the largest single religious faith in Greece, Cyprus, and Russia.

Confucianism

A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.

Creolization

A language that began as a pidgin language but later becomes adopted as the mother tongue by a people.

Dialects

Local or regional characteristics of a language. In addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary.

Ethnic Cleansing

A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Ethnic religions

A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. Adherents do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work

Gender roles

[Term] are different sets of expectations and the corresponding behaviors that a culture considers appropriate for males and females. [Term] vary over time and space.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A metric introduced by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2010 that shows the percentage of potential human development loss due to gender inequality and ranges from 0 representing "no lost opportunity" (for women) to 1 representing complete opportunity loss (for women). GII has five indicators that are classified into three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.

Genocide

The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.

Henotheism

The supreme status and worship of one god while acknowledging that there are other lesser gods that may be worshipped

Hinduism

[Term] is the largest ethnic religion and the world's third largest religion with about 1 billion adherents. [Term] originated in India before recorded history, has no identifiable founder as the complete origins of [Term] are unclear. [Term] consists of many different groups and evolved and diffused outward from India. [Term] is not centrally organized compared to other religions, and worship and religious practice it is up to individuals and specific groups. The principle of reincarnation is the cornerstone of [Term]. Almost all Hindus live in one country, India, but have large numbers in neighboring countries (Nepal etc.), North America, Europe and Asia.

Identity

How we make sense of ourselves, how people see themselves at different scales.

Islam

[Term] is the second largest universalizing religion with over 1.5 billion adherents. In Arabic, [Term] means "submitting to the will of God". Those who practice [Term] are Muslims, which means one who surrenders to God. Like Christianity and Judaism, Abraham is an important figure in [Term] but Muslims trace their story through Abraham's second wife and son, Hagar and Ishmael, not Sarah and Isaac like Christians and Jews. Their prophet is Muhammad. The two main branches of [Term] are Sunni and Shiite. The division between the Sunni and Shia originated in a disagreement over leadership after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. [Term] is the predominant religion in the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. More than half of the world's Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India.

Judaism

Is an ethnic religion that has more than 14 million followers worldwide. There are 6 million Jews in Israel and 5 million in the United States. Two of the main universalizing religions, Christianity and Islam, find some of their roots in [Term], recognizing Abraham as a Patriarch. Jews are monotheistic, and the Western Wall of the old temple in Jerusalem is one of their most holy sites. The three branches of [Term] are Orthodox, Conservatives, and Reformed. [Term] is distributed throughout part of the Middle East and North Africa, the United States, Russia, and Europe.

Language

A set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication

Language families

Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin. The most populous [Term] are Indo-European, Sino-Tibetian, Niger-Congo, and Afro-Asiatic.

Lingua franca

A "common language," a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce

Monotheistic religion

Belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe

Official language

In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government

Pidgin language

When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary

Polytheistic religions

Belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe

Race

A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics; social and political constructions based on ideas that some biological differences are more important than others.

Residential Segregation

The degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment.

Religion

[Term] is a common set of beliefs and practices through which people seek harmony with the power of the universe. It is also a communal way to relate a belief that centers on a system of thought, unseen being, person, or object that is believed to be supernatural, sacred, or divine. It can impact how we interact with other people and our environment, which then shapes the development of a people's cultural landscape.

Secularism

The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. The opposite of a theocracy

Shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism; focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship

Sikhism

a syncretic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak that combines lements of Hinduism (reincarnation etc.) and Islam (monotheism).

Toponyms

Place names. Reflect ownership, infused with meaning and value.

Taoism

Philosophy to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature

Trade

[Term] has been a means of cultural diffusion for centuries, dating back to the Silk Road and beyond. Maritime trade routes and later, waves of colonization and imperialism created the foundations for significant cultural shifts globally.

Universalizing religions

A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great effort is undertaken in evangelism and missionary work

World religions

A religious belief system which has become generally recognized as having independent status from any other religion, but which nonetheless may have many, sometimes mutually sects or denominations. Most scholars indicate the five most populous and internationally widespread religious groups of Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, while other scholors include others such as Sikhism, Janism, Shinto, Bahai etc.