Excavates and SAR

alpha-proteobacterium

evidence (such as the cristae within mitochondria) suggests that mitochondria started as this before becoming what they are today

alveolus

flattened, membrane-bound vesicles packed into a continuous layer supporting the cell plasma membrane, provide support for the cell

ALVEOLATA

amoeboid motion

-the extending of part of a cell, pushing down on something, and dragging the rest of the cell behind it
(movement without cilia)
-seen in rhizaria
-uses pseudopodia, which are long and hair-like

RHIZARIA, AMEBOZOA

bioluminescence

generation and emission of light by an organism, as in dinoflagellates

FUNGI —> for attracting spore spreaders

contractile vacuole

vesicle that fills with water (as it enters the cell by osmosis) and then contracts to squeeze water from the cell; an osmoregulatory vesicle

CILIATES

endosymbiosis

engulfment of one cell within another such that the engulfed cell survives, and both cells benefit; the process responsible for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotes

Margulis, Lynn

suggested that the endosymbiotic theory described the origin of the mitochondria

mitochondria

generate ATP, and clusters of iron and sulfur that are important for enzyme activity

NOT IN EXCAVATES

mixotroph

organism that can obtain nutrition by autotrophic or heterotrophic means, usually facultatively

EUGLENA GRACILIS- EXCAVATES

plankton

diverse group of mostly microscopic organisms that drift in marine and freshwater systems and serve as a food source for larger aquatic organisms

plastid

one of a group of related organelles in plant cells that are involved in the storage of starches, fats, proteins, and pigments

protist

-term used for Eukarya that are not land plants, fungi, or animals
-not particularly useful as a term because it does not reflect evolutionary history
-not a phylogenetic group

secondary endosymbiosis

-engulfment of one cell within another, and then engulfment of that cell within a new cell
-this creates four membranes
- the theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic chloroplasts (a protist engulfed a cyanobacterium)

test

porous shell of a foram that is built from various organic materials and typically hardened with calcium carbonate