ESS unit 1 : foundation to ess

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environmental value systems

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80 Terms

1

environmental value systems

a particular world view that shapes the way an individual or group of individuals, evaluate environmental issues

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2

outputs of EVS

diverse perspectives, behaviour, actions, beliefs and decisions

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3

inputs in EVS

education, religion, economic factors, socio political factors, culture

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4

minimata 1956

release of methyl mercury into bays = contaminated food chain = birth defects

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5

first earth summit 1972

UN conference on the human environment = action plan for human environment and the environmental fund

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6

bhopal 1984

union carbide released 42 tonnes of toxic methyl isocyanate

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7

Australian bushfires 2009

Black Saturday = 80 towns and communities charred and destroyed by the blaze = increased hyper-vigilance in australia about bushfire managemen

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8

Rachel Carson

Author of silent spring. Book about the impact of DDT reducing bird of prey populations

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9

George Perkins Marsh

author of Man and Nature, first to write that deforestation = desertification = loss of species = degradation of the ecosystem

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10

independent pressure groups

educate the public and influence political decisions, also known as NGOs

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11

how can corporate business begin environmental action?

They control the supply of goods in the market - can choose to be sustainable

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12

ecocentrics

puts ecology and nature central to humanity

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13

anthropologists

believe humans must sustainably manage the global system

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14

technocentrics

technological developments can provide solutions to environmental problems.

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15

what is system?

a way of visualising a complex set of interactions which may be ecological or societal

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16

reductionist system approach

reduces the systems to their parts and each part is studied

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17

holistic approach

system is studied as a whole, and this allows us to see how the components relate to each other - used for ecological investigations

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18

what are components of all systems?

inputs, outputs and storages

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19

open systems

exchange BOTH energy and matter across the boundaries

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20

closed systems

can exchange energy across a boundary, but not matter with its environment, very rare in nature

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21

isolated systems

DO NOT transfer energy or matter and do not exist

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22

what is a model?

simplified view of the real world, makes a concept easier to understand

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23

advantages of models

helps visualise small objects, highlights patterns, can predict changes, easy to understand a complex system

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24

disadvantages of models

accuracy can be lost, models predict into the future (could be false), environmental factors are very complex

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25

gaia hypothesis

proposes that the earth is self regulating by controlling the physical and chemical aspects of the environment

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26

first law of thermodynamics

energy can neither be created nor destroyed

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27

energy in an ecosystem

enters as light, converted into biomass, leaves as heat

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28

second law of thermodynamics

the entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase overtime

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29

entropy

a measure of disorder of a system, referring to the dispersal of energy

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30

entropy of heat

HIGH - free flowing

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31

why are food chains so short

as more energy is lost through heat it increases in entropy

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32

complexity makes for a…

more stable system

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33

steady state equilibrium

despite continuous inputs and outputs of energy and matter, the system as a whole remains the same

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34

oscillations

movement back and forth in a regular rhythm

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35

example of a system with steady state equilibrium

predator prey relationships

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36

stable equilibrium

when a system returns to the original equilibrium after a disturbance

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37

unstable equilibrium

a system that moves to a new equilibrium after a disturbance

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38

positive feedback

results in a further decrease of the output that enhances the system, a permanent change

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example of positive feedback

global warming melts ice caps, leading to reduction in the earth’s Albedo

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albedo

reflection from the earth’s surface

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negative feedback

stabilises the steady state equilibrium through counteracting change from equilibrium

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42

how do ecosystems remain at equilibrium

negative feedback loops

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43

tipping points

the critical threshold where a small change can tip the equilibrium over a threshold, having a dramatic effect and causing a disproportionally large response in the overall system

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what drives tipping points

positive feedback loops force systems to a new equilibrium

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tipping point example

increase in CO2 levels above 450ppm would lead to increase in temperatures that will melt ice sheets and permafrost

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ecological tipping point

reached when an ecosystem experiences a shift to a new state

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why are tipping points difficult to predict

delays in feedback loops

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48

resilience

system’s ability to avoid a tipping point, respond to disturbances and maintain stability

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diversity

size of storages contribute to the stability of the ecosystem

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relationship between resilience and diversity

the greater genetic diversity, the greater the resilience

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51

sustainability

the use of natural resources in ways that do not reduce or degrade the resources so they are available for future generations

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how do humans use resources beyond sustainable limits?

overpopulation, financial motives, ignorance, unsuitable use of soils, over grazing, over cultivation

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why is society adverse to implementing sustainable practises?

inertia i.e. change is too difficult, tragedy of the commons i.e. individuals act in their own self-interest

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54

natural capital

natural goods and services which can be used for natural resources

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55

natural income

money derived from natural resources

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56

millenium ecosystem assessment stats

  • first report released in 2005 showed:

    • 60% of world ecosystems have been degraded

    • over 25% of fish stocks are over harvested

    • 20% of corals have been lost in 20 years

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millenium ecosystem assessment solutions

  • reduce subsidies in industries that harm the environment

  • protect more areas from development

  • encourage the management of property to enhance the supply of ecosystem services

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58

overshoot day

the day where all the resource have been used BEYOND a point where they can renew on their own in a year

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59

ecological footprint

the area of land required to sustainably provide all resources for the population

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60

environmental impact assessments (EIAs)

a report prepared before a development project to change the use of the land outlining mitigation needed to protect the environment

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weaknesses of the EIA

application processes vary across countries, limited to the quality of the initial baseline study

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pollution

the addition of a substance or an agent to an environment by human activity at a rate greater than that at which it can be rendered harmless by the environment

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pollutants

contaminants released by human activities

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64

forms of pollutants

organic & inorganic matter, energy (sound, light, heat), living organisms, invasive species,

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major sources of pollution

  • mining and quarrying: 27%

  • Agricultural organic wastes: 20%

  • industry waste: 17%

  • dredging: 11%

  • sewage sludge: 8%

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point pollution

a source of contamination that can be represented by a single point on a map.

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non-point pollution

the source is dispersed such as air pollution from cars

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primary pollution

active upon emission e.g. fossil fuels

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secondary pollution

formed by primary pollutants undergoing a physical or chemical change

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70

chronic affects

occur a long time after exposure e.g. mad hatter mercury poisoning

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acute affects

occur after short, intense exposure e.g. Hiroshima bombing

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persistant pollutants

chemicals that cannot be broken down by living organisms and passed through the food chain

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biodegradable pollutants

break down and are not stored or passed down the food chains

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74

bioaccumulation

the retention or build up of biodegradable pollutants in the body

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75

biomagnification

the process whereby the concentration of the chemicals increase at each trophic level

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76

direct pollution measurement

measures the amount of pollutant in the air, soil and water

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77

indirect pollution measurement

measures the changes in abiotic & biotic factors

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78

pollution management strategies

modern tech, human behaviour change, education, restoration

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79

how can human activity be changed?

invest in renewables, reuse & recycle, regulate activities

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80

who regulates environmental activities

the EPA set environmental standards for businesses

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