BIOLOGY NEW UNIT 1 2 3

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233 Terms

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Niche
The role an organism has in an ecosystem.
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Habitat
The place where an organism lives.
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Abiotic
A physical factor that affects an ecosystem, such as temperature or light intensity, ph, soil moisture
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Community
All the living organisms of all species in an ecosystem.
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Population
All the organisms of one species in an ecosystem.
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Biodiversity
The number and abundance of species in an area.
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Biotic
Describes living factors in the environment.
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Producer
Organism that makes its own food. Green plants are producers.
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Consumer
An organism which eats other organisms.
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Pyramid of Numbers
A diagram that shows the number of organisms at each stage of a food chain.
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Pyramid of Energy
A diagram that shows the energy content of the organisms at each stage of a food chain. This always takes the form of a pyramid.
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Food Chain
the transfer of food energy between organisms in an ecosystem. from producer to primary to secondary consumer
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Nitrate
Chemical absorbed by plant roots and used to make amino acids
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Pitfall Trap
Apparatus used to sample small invertebrates in the soil by seeing which crawling animals have fallen in, must check frequently
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Adaptation
Inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
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Mutation
A random change in the genetic information if happens during cell division then can be inherited if other than no
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Natural Selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
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Species
A group of organisms which can breed together to form fertile offspring.
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Speciation
The formation of new species from an existing species. processes - isolation by barrier, mutation occur, due to selection pressures different phenotypes will be chosen, natural selection makes more offspring with the mutation and groups may become so different that if they come together again cant interbreed and produce fertile offspring and so are now separate species
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Isolation
When a population is divided into two by a barrier which stops the sub-populations from breeding together
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Selective Pressure
Something that makes it harder for an organism to survive in an environment.
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Algal Bloom
Large growth of algae on the surface of water caused by the leaching of fertiliser. Dead algae form food for bacteria, so bacteria numbers increase. Bacteria use up oxygen, meaning less oxygen for other organisms
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Fertiliser
Chemical added to the soil to improve crop yield. Often includes nitrates.
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Indicator Species
A group of organisms which by their presence or absence indicate environmental quality
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Biological Control
Natural control of pests using predators or parasites.
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Interspecific competition
Competition for resources that are in short supply between members of different species this includes stuff like light, territory, food, shelter
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Intraspecific competition
Competition for resources that are in short supply between members of the same species. more intense since they have the exact same needs and wants ie- light, territory, food, shelter and breeding partners
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Quadrat
A square frame used for sampling plants in field work.
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Omnivore
A consumer that eats both plants and animals
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Light meter
A device to measure light intensity. Care must be taken not to shade the probe with the body
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Moisture meter
Instrument used to measure level of moisture in the soil. Care must be taken to wipe the probe dry between readings
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Paired Statement Key
A method of identifying organisms by answering a series of questions
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Photosynthesis
Process by which plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and sugar
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Light Reactions
First stage of photosynthesis. Light energy trapped by chloro converted into chem energy, is used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen. Some energy is converted into the chemical ATP
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Chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants that TRAPs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
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Carbon Fixation
the atp from the first stage is used to break down into energy to combine the hydrogen with the carbon to make sugar. this is an enzyme controlled reaction
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Photosynthesis word equation
carbon dioxide + water \---sunlight/chlorophyll\---\> sugar + oxygen
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Starch
A storage carbohydrate found in plants
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Cellulose
A structural carbohydrate used to make plant cell walls
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Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis
A factor which holds up the rate of photosynthesis because it is in short supply. May be light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration or temperature
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Pesticide
Chemical which kills pests which can reduce crop yield
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Crop Yield
The total quantity of crop that the land produces
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Bioaccumulation
The build-up of toxic substances in living organisms
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What do quantities sampling do
Estimates population
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How to make a test valid.
Random
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How to make a test reliable
Repeat
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why would a predator population grow
if the prey population grows because then they have a bigger food supply
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where does the oxygen go in the light reaction
after its seperated from hydrogen it leaves out through the stomata into the atmospehere, the rest is used by the mitochondria for aerobic respiration
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what is sugar used for in plants
to form starch, cellulose, energy source, combine sugar with nitrates to make amino acids,
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How to test for starch in a leaf
Heat leaf in boiling water for 30 secondsHeat it in boiling ethanol for a few minutesWash with water and add iodine solutionAfter a few minutes, the parts of the leaf that contain starch turn blue-black.
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what can we use instead of pesticide and fertliser
gm and animal predators
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Bioaccumulation
the build up of a substance as it passes through a food chain like ddt
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how can the chance of getting a mutation be increased
radiation, chemicals
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Variation occurs as a result
of mutations that create new alleles of genes.
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biotic factors affecting biodivercity
predation, grazing, development of towns, increasing human population
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how to measure the rate of photosynthesis
measure amount of CO2 used or measure amount of O2 produced, in a certain timeputting plant underwater and counting how many bubbles produced
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what happens to animal if no adaptations
fails to survive since its eventually out competed by another speicies
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Mitosis
Process of cell division
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Chromosomes
Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules found in the nucleus
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Chromosome complement
The number of chromosomes present in the nucleus of each body cell (46 in a human).
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Chromatid
One of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome. Separate during mitosis
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Spindle Fibres
Threads produced during mitosis to pull chromatids apart.
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Equator
The centre of the cell where chromosomes line up during mitosis
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Stem Cells
Unspecialised cells that can make new copies of themselves and develop into different specialised cells
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Specialised cell
A cell in a multicellular organism that is adapted to carry out a specific function, e.g. red blood cell
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Tissue
Cells of the same type working together, e.g. muscle
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Organ
Several different tissues working together to carry out a particular function in the body
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Organ system
A group of organs working together, e.g. the immune ...
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Hierarchy in Multicellular Organisms
cell \> tissue \> organ \> organ system \> organism
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Stimulus
Something that sets of a reaction in the nervous system, e.g. light or sound
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Neuron
A nerve cell. Carries a message by an electrical impulse.
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Part of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord.
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Synapse
Gap between two neurones. Chemicals carry the message across. this gap.
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Motor Neuron
Nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors such as muscles
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Inter Neurone
Nerve cell located in the spinal cord that transmits electrical impulses from a sensory neurone to a motor neurone.
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Sensory Neurone
Nerve cell that transmits electrical impulses from a sense organ to the CNS
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Reflex
Rapid, protective response to heat or pain
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Reflex Arc
Movement of an electrical impulse from a sensory receptor via a sensory, inter and motor neuron to an effector such as a muscle
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Cerebrum
Part of the brain which processes sensory input and controls conscious thought.
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Cerebellum
Part of the brain which controls balance and muscle co-ordination.
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Medulla
Part of the brain which controls breathing and heart rate.
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Endocrine
Glands which secrete hormones.
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Target Organ
An organ whose cells have receptors for a particular hormone.
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Insulin
A hormone released by the pancreas which acts to reduce high blood glucose levels. Target organ is the liver.
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Glucagon
A hormone released by the pancreas which acts to increase low blood glucose level. Target organ is the liver.
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Pancreas
Organ which produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.
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Glycogen
A complex carbohydrate formed in liver cells from stored glucose
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Liver
Large organ which stores glucose as glycogen.
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Diabetes
Condition which results when body is unable to control blood glucose levels.
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Sexual Reproduction
A reproductive process that involves the fusion of gametes from two parents to combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents.
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Gamete
Haploid sex cells.
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Testis (testes plural)
Organ in animals that produces the male gamete, sperm
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Haploid
A cell with one set of chromosomes (23 in humans)
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Diploid
A cell with two sets of chromosomes
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Ovary (animals)
Organ in animals that produces the female gametes, the egg
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Sperm Cell
Male sex cell produced in the testes of animals.
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Egg Cell
Female sex cell produced in the ovaries of animals.
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Anther
Part of a flower that produces the pollen
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Ovary (plant)
Part of a flower that produces the female gametes
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Pollen
The male gamete of a plant