Bio 11
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FlashcardsDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Stores genetic material
Genome
All of an organisms genetic material
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39 Terms
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Stores genetic material
Genome
All of an organisms genetic material
Five levels of DNA organization
Nucleotides, Single strand DNA, double helix DNA, chromosome, genome
Purines
double ring structure
pyrimidines
single ring structure
DNA bases
Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine
RNA bases
Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Uracil
What are nucleotides composed of?
A phosphate group, a sugar and a base
How are sugar carbons labeled?
from 1’ to 5’
Where is the phosphate group attached?
5’ carbon on the sugar
Phosphodiester bonds
a phosphate group that links two nucleotides together in a single dna strand to form a sugar-phosphate backbone
In a single DNA strand which way do the bases project?
Away from the backbone
In a single DNA strand which way is the nucleotide sequence written?
5’ to 3’
Which way to strands run in a double helix DNA structure?
Anti-parallel
How are the bases oriented in a double helix DNA structure?
projected towards the center and form hydrogen bonds with bases on the opposite strand.
What are chromosomes made of
cromatin
what is chromatin
DNA wound around proteins
How do bases pair?
Adenine to Thymine and Cytosine to Guanine
Are DNA strands complementary?
Yes
How many chromosome pairs make up the human genome?
23
Where does DNA replication start?
Origin of replication
When does cell division occur?
gamete production, embryogenesis, growth and repair, cell renewal
Proteins in DNA replication
Single stranded binding proteins, DNA helicase, DNA topoisomerase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, DNA primase
Single stranded binding proteins
Binds single strands to prevent them from forming back into a double helix
DNA helicase
Unwinds DNA at the fork
DNA topoisomerase
prevents tangling ahead of the replication fork
DNA polymerase
links nucleotides together to form DNA strands
DNA ligase
seals gaps between Okazaki fragments
DNA primase
makes RNA prime which begins DNA replication
Telomerase
adds telomeres to the end of chromosomes
Primer
a binding site made by RNA for DNA replication
Which way does the leading DNA strand want to bind
from 5’ to 3’
Which way does the lagging DNA strand want to bind?
from 3’ to 5’
Okazaki fragments
synthesis of DNA in short fragments in the opposite direction of the replication fork