College History Exam 1 Chapters 1-5

Political change that took place between 1765 and 1783

American Revolution

Why did colonists go to war?

Ruled unfairly by king

1765; Forced colonists to pay for stamps for paper items; England needed money from fighting the French Indian War

Stamp Act

Who protested the Stamp Act?

Patrick Henry

A group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution

Sons of Liberty

Chief Justice and lieutenant governor of Massachusetts who had his house ransacked by an angry mob in protest of the Stamp Act

Thomas Hutchinson

A member of the Sons of Liberty who started the Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence.

Sam Adams

lawyer who defended British soldiers accused of murder in the Boston Massacre

John Adams

The Stamp Act was repealed because it was costing the merchants of Britain too much money because the colonists were boycotting their goods (1766)

Why was the Stamp Act repealed?

A son of Liberty, designed the Boston Massacre flyer used as propaganda by the colonists

Paul Revere

Who were British soldiers of the Boston Massacre acquitted by?

Boston Jury

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Tea Act of 1773

Series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party; Prevented trade from entering and leaving Boston Harbor

Intolerable Acts

Who was appointed commander of Boston force?

George Washington

Who wrote the majority of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

What were the reasons that Thomas Jefferson was the main author of the Declaration of Independence?

He was from Virginia, John Adams was obnoxious, Jefferson was a better writer.

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Declaration of Independence

When did Congress finalize votes for the Declaration of Independence?

July 4, 1776

What was the attitude of the American soldiers under Washington's command?

poor; did not want to be there/ wanted to go home

What did George Washington think of his troops?

He did not consider them to be troops, undisciplined and out of order, dirty and nasty

Why did Washington's troops cross the Delaware River?

They had no other choice than to go or they would be captured; troops conditions would get worse and they would lose.

What was the outcome of the attack in Trenton on the Hessians?

American troops won; America's moral was boosted.

What were the roles of women during the American Revolution?

planting, plowing, worked at front lines, cooked, nursed soldiers, collected money

A woman who brought pitchers of water to soldiers. Her husband collapsed during a battle and she took his place and loaded canons.

Molly Pitcher

A woman who disguised herself as a man so she could serve in combat. She was shot and took the musket ball herself so she would not be compromised.

Deborah Sampson

Storeowner who refused to lower coffee prices; was attacked by a group of women who took him in a wagon.

Thomas Boylson

Political advisor to her husband; stood up for women's freedom and rights; was admired by Jefferson and Washington

Abigail Adams

Which state allowed women landowners to vote after America's constitution was released, but was taken away when the law became more specific?

New Jersey

Who led the American troops during the surrender at Saratoga?

Horatio Gates

What happened at Saratoga?

The British army surrenders when the American troops surround them with the help of the French.

Why did the surrender at Saratoga catch the attention of the French?

The French decided American troops did something worthy when they made the British surrender.

Who made an alliance with America after the British surrender?

France

Who was a French citizen who volunteered to assist America?

Marquis de Lafayette

What was the number one killer of soldiers?

Disease/ Sickness

Who was a German that helped American troops with upgraded war training?

Baron Von Steuben

Battle in which General Cornwallis and his British troops surrender to American and French forces; marks the end of the American Revolution

Battle of Yorktown

Treaty of Paris

Agreement signed by British and American leaders (John Jay, John Adams, Ben Franklin) that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country.

Why was Britain very friendly and giving with their peace negotiations to America? (Treaty of Paris)

Britain could continue to trade with America for goods; British wanted to see French and American alliance discontinued/ not get stronger.

What is history?

The study of recorded events

Primary Source

written record

What are the things you must be to be considered civilized?

Have a city, written language, and religion

Who was the first to explore and why?

Portugal because they boarder the ocean.

Why do we never hear about African slave owners traded their slaves to the Spanish?

doesn’t fit our naritive (bias)

Why did England not go deeper into Africa?

Disease

What caused a high labor demand in the early stages of America?

sugar plantations

What was traded during the Columbus Exchange?

Food, Plants, animals, and disease

Who was involved in the Columbus Exchange?

America, Europe, and Africa

Reason for world exploration?

spice trade

What’s the real reason Columbus was rejected?

“too far”

Spain’s number one economic interest?

gold and silver

What’s ironic about Spain?

Inflation became too much after they found lots of gold and silver

What was the number one econ in France?

Fur trade

Why did French “treat” natives better?

They wanted to trade fur with them so instead of taking over they learned their language and married/became family with them.

What was the number one way to impress the natives?

Language and marriage

Conquistador

Spanish soldier who led military expeditions

Encomienda

You work for me I will bring you into a civilized christian life. (Spanish system)

Who was Vasco Da Gama?

Portuguese explorer who was the first to arrive in in India. It took him 2 years.

Who gained control over the Spice Trade?

Portuguese because they were the first to arrive.

Where did the French go first?

Canada

What was the group of catholic priests who went around Canada trying to convert natives to Catholic?

Jesuits/”Black Robes”

What was the system the French used to get their fortunes from the natives?

Creative adaptions system

Who was John Cabot and what was his goal?

He was an English explorer who claimed Eastern Canada for England. His goal was to find the Northwest passage.

Who did the English colonize first? Why?

Ireland because they were catholic and barbaric.

What were the English looking for?

A new life

Why did England wait so long to colonize?

They were incapable due to Spanish threat, political problems, and protestant vs. catholic.

What did England do before colonization in order to make a fortune?

Pirated Spanish ships

What nickname was given to the groups that pirated Spanish ships?

Sea Dogs

Who was important to England’s first attempt at Roanoke Island?

Sir Walter Raleigh

During the second attempt at Roanoke who went back? Why? What stopped him from coming back?

John White, to get more supplies, and the Spanish Blockade stopped him from going back.

When White got back what did he find?

Roanoke was abandoned except for a carving on a tree that said Croatoans.

How long did it take England to figure out the colony thing?

Over 100 years

Who wanted to attempt another colony (soon would be Jamestown) in America? Why?

Richard Hakluyt because it was a bigger risk not to try than to try and fail.

Why was England’s story ironic?

They got into the game late and weak but eventually became big and dominant.

Who founded Quebec?

Champlain

Another name for Jamestown

Chesapeake

Who was the governor of Massachusetts Bay?

John Winthrop

Who posed an threat to the common wealth because of their unusual opinions about religion?

Anne Hutchinson

What was a contract or license to create a colony called?

Charter

What two early versions of self government were formed due to distance from England?

Mayflower Compact and House of Bayesse

Who broke away from the catholic church and hated catholics?

Puritans

Another name for pilgrims

Separatists

Who granted a charter to start Jamestown?

King James l

What was the primary goal of Jamestown?

economic venture

Who loaned the money for the start of Jamestown?

Stockholders of Virginia

Who originally was president of the colony?

John Smith

Who is John Smith?

Storyteller, many adventures, not liked by the colonists, and was president of Jamestown

After Smith left due to injury who took over?

George Percy

Why was winter in Jamestown so bad when George Percy was president? What was this time known as?

He couldn’t make peace with the Powhatans.

Th Starving Time

What happened during the starving time?

Canibalism

Who saved Jamestown? How?

John Rolfe. He introduced tobacco.

Due to the high labor demand in Jamestown for the tobacco plantations what system was created to solve the issue?

The headright system

What was the headright system?

I’ll pay your trip to America if you work for me for a certain period of time (Indentured servants).

Where did indentured servants come from?

Poor and in prisoned people from England

Why was the headright system difficult for women?

They often got taken advantage of and were sexually assaulted because they were very outnumbered. If they got pregnant they had to work longer to make up lost time.

Who founded Maryland? Why?

Lord Calvert ll because it was a safe haven for catholics.

What happened to the safe haven in Maryland?

It was open to everyone so when the Puritans showed up they kicked out the catholics.

What was Massachusetts Bay known as to the Puritans?

City on a hill

Why was New Jersey and Pennsylvania so open and generous?

They needed people to come

Middle colonies

very diverse, religious freedom, and political equality

Southern Colonies

They lived on plantations, short workers therefore resorted to slavery, hot climate, and Spanish threat (buffer).