AP United States History Midterm

christopher columbus

sailed the ocean blue in 1492, spanish explorer, discovered america, god gold and glory

hernan cortez

first conquistador (spanish), destroted aztecs

francisco pizarro

spanish conquistador, destroyed incan empire

bartolome de las casas

wanted natives to assimilate to spanish, natives are savages but can be taught

juan de sepulvida

encomienda subjugation (forced labor) works! natives are just savages

sir walter raleigh

english, gold, roanoke, lost colony

francis drake

english pirate sent to harass the spanish

popé

leader of the pueblo revolt

pros of the columbian exchange

horses (natives used for transportation

improved diets for both sides

invasive species (bamboo and pythons)

cons of the columbian exchange

diseases such as smallpox for the natives

nomads

clovis hunter gatherer lifestyle, always on the move. the agricultural revolution changes this

maize

permanent settlement, grows a lot and is strong

3 sisters farming and slash and burn

maize, squash, beans (easy to grow and low maintenance

burn everything in a plot and plant something else, this regrows the area

origins of exploration

didn’t think new world existed and there wasn’t a reason to explore. catholic church dominated and was difficult for monarchy to become strong.

too many people in europe, rising middle class wanting resources, advancements in tech, strong monarchies rise

portugal and spain navigation

portugal explores coasts and declined columbus’ route

spain seeks glory and gold and accepts columbus, thought the new world was asia

treaty of tortesillas

signed by pope

divided portugal=east of the line and spain = west of the line

protestant reformation

catholic church dominates europe, paying church to get to heaven, purgaory ($$$), reformers speak out, people leave church and form other deformations, relgious wars and persecution - people flee to new world

catholics v protestants

catholics:

• led by pope

• predestination assigned location at birth

protestants:

• no divine leader

• good deeds lead to afterlife

• england, dutch, and german

english failure at roanoke

• england has rivarly with spanish

  • spain looking for glory by starting to explore

• believe america has gold

  • failed attempt settling roanoke

• pirates sent by england (francis drake) to harass spanish settlers

encomienda system

• spainyards assigned natives as forced labor

• must protect natives and can’t sell

  • not slavery because they offer something in return and don’t buy or sell

• brutal, lots of natives died from labor and smallpox

sepulveda v las casas debate

sepulveda:

• natives are savages

• lack basic skills

• catholic missions are a waste of time

• subjugate

Las Casas:

• natives savage but can be taught

• catholic missions = #1 idea

• assimilate to spanish culture

pueblo revolt

resistance by natives

southwestern native americans

resisting both forced assimilation and encomienda

results:

spain backs off from assimilation and encomienda

spainyards blend into mestizzo culture

john smith

saves and brings structure to jamestown

nathaniel bacon

bacon’s rebellion over indentured servants. rich vs poor

john winthrop

city upon a hill

purtian

Massachusetts bay

anne hutchinson

antinomianism - christians are released from moral obligation to following the law

thomas hooker

universal suffrage not just for christians

roger williams

limit church authority and reimburse natives

king phillip (metacom)

westward expansion leads to king phillips war

william penn

quaker leader from pennsylvania

johnathan edwards and george whitfield

whitfield preached in fields and edwards scared people into conversions

great awakening

new england colonies key colonies, key people/groups/settlers, geography/climate, economics, social life, political structure

• new hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode island, Connecticut. big city was Boston

• separatists/pilgrims, puritans, john winthrop, anne hutchinson

• rocky soil and freezing winters

• subsistence farming

• city upon a hill, homogenous society

• mayflower compact and church runs society

middle colonies key colonies, key people/groups/settlers, geography/climate, economics, social life, political structure

• deleware, new york, pennsylvania, main cities NYC, and philadelphia

• dutch and quakers

• warm summers, cool winters, good soil, long coasts

• breadbasket colonies, large cities

• tolerance (many different religious groups)

• democratic assemblies, elections, self governance

southern colonies key colonies, key people/groups/settlers, geography/climate, economics, social life, political structure

• georgia, nc, sc, virginia, maryland, charleston and savannah were big cities

• english, indentured servants, scotchirish

• hot summers, cool winters, fertile soil, humidity lead to death

• chattle slavery, cash crops, slave plantations

• anglican church, tolerant

• run my plantations, mini towns

great awakening

• revitalizing religion

  • break from sin and new start with gold

  • started in england and gets to america

  • connects farmers and minorities (women, africans, natives)

  • george whitfield (rejected by mainstream ministries)

  • john edwards

effects of the great awakening

• challenged authority

  • church loses political power

  • leadership doesn’t speak for you

• increases individualism

  • think for yourself

  • find inner fate

• rise of different types of protestants

  • methodist

  • baptist

enlightenment

• intellectual mindset over religious mindset

• humans have more control over their body an minds than church says

• advancements in science and technology

• smallpox inoculation

  • exposes people to small cases of smallpox to infect and raise immunity (first vaccines)

enlightenment effects

• rise of education in liberals (science, medicine, law, upenn)

• ben franklin and others populated and educated

• challanged authority and individualism

• natural rights and social contract

jamestown

• looked for gold, found non

• didn’t expect to stay long, brought little supplies

  • starving time = cold weather and no food and many deaths

• john smith takes over leadership and organizes labor, sense of structure

• help from natives to farm, relationship sours, jamestown looks like fort from native attacks

• needright system

  • more people needed in jamestown, land if you come

indentured servants

i will pay for your voyage if you work for me for 5-7 years. after, i will give you land and supplies for you to get a new start

most don’t live long enough

bacon’s rebellion

• Virginia House of Burgesses: 1st governing body

• governed by elite upper class

• poor farmers felt lack of representation

causes of bacon’s rebellion

• lack of representation in lower class

• lack of support with expansion where farmers had to go to make a living

  • no native protection

effects of bacon’s rebellion

fails but…

• slavery overtakes indentured servents

• continued divide between poor west and wealthy east

• natives conflict with expansion

acts of tolerance

too few catholics, must appeal to protestants to up population

geography and economy of south

hot summers and cool winters = fertile soil

cash crops

passive slave plantations dominate economy

southern colony life

spread out (lack of cities)

plantations run society

faith: anglican but tolerant, more focused on money

why go to middle

• dutch settle new york and deleware colonies

• trade with natives

• pennsylvania = quakers facing persecution in england

geography and economy of middle

warm summers and cool winters

farming, long coast = shipping industry grows

soil isn’t ideal for csah crops

slavery isn’t as abundent as south

some people learn trade skills

religion poliitics and social life of middle

tolerance of different religions

democratic with mixed assemblies for the people

plymoth and massachusetts bay

• 2 outspoken groups form, both flee bc of persecution

  • seperatists and pilgrims: believed people should be religiously open and leave church, go to plymouth

  • sign mayflower compact (list of rules to follow, set foundation of self-governing)

• puritans: church is corrupt but can be purified, predestination is real

  • go to massachusetts bay led by john winthrop'

  • city upon a hill speech

homogenous society of massachusetts

everyone is the same and complies by rules

1. attend regular church and follow church ideals

2. higher role in church = higher role in town

3. towlhalls common to discuss politics

4. tight families with father at head of family

5. hard work ethic, small but close communities

dissenters - the rest of the new england colonies

kicked out of mass bc of differing ideals

anne hutchinson: antinomianism

thomas hooker: universial christian suffrage

roger williams: limit church authority in government and natives reimbursed fo land

climate/economy/politics of new england colonies

• rocky soil and freezing winters, bad for cash crops

• subsistance farming, just what you need not for money

• shipbuilding and whaling

• boston = huge trade city

pequeot war

runs fur trade in the area

english arrival = competition and westward expansion (pequeot kills 2 english)

english reacts with war

king phillips war

• natives attack frontier settlers, many killed

• overcome with help from rival tribes (mongolians)

• colonists overwhelm metacom/king phillip

stono rebellion

• largest slave rebellion in colonial america

• attempted to go to Florida where freedom was promised

• killed several white landowners on the way

• caught, survivors sold, killed

stono rebellion effects

• south began to enact stricter slave regulation to stop future rebellions

• take away slave right to assemble and lear

mercantilism

• money for the mother country

• wealth of a country depends on colonies

• colonies should be dependent on mother country

• triangular trade: colonies provide england with raw good. england uses raw good to manufacture and sends back to colonies and other countries

navigation acts

no trading with other countries

taxes on goods to increase profits

assign biritish officils to regulate colonial ports

salutory neglect

england lets colonies do their things

not strongly enforced

english perspective: if we leave them alone, they will obey us

works well, prideful english subjects

begin to be self-sufficient

dominion of new england

• king creates one big colony in new england

  • why do we need 13?

  • colonies don’t want to be grouped

• new governor raises taxes, limits town hall meetings

• results:

  • riots and protests

  • dominion collapses

king george iii

king of unit 3

edward braddock

died in french and indian war

george washington pre presidency

started french and indian war

william pitt the elder

prime minister

george grenville

strict prime minister

stamp and sugar act to raise money

patrick henry

no taxes except those established by the colony

ben franklin

in paris getting treaty signed

samuel adams

formed sons of liberty (anti-federalists)

jhon adams pre presidency

defends troops in boston massacre

federalist

thomas jefferson pre presidency

declaration of independence

democratic republican

john dickinson

writes letter from pennsylvania farmer

mary otis warren

womens rights activist (republican motherhood)

john locke

natural rights

thomas paine

common sense

john jay

supports the constitution (federalists)

strong government because of bad people

abigail adams

republican motherhood

active in revolution

pontiac

native

daniel shays

shay’s rebellion, realization for a stronger central government

alexander hamilton

supports constitution (federalists)

strong government because of bad poeple

national banks

high tariffs

james madison pre presidency

support constitution (federalist)

strong government because of bad people

democratic republican

thomas pinckney

pinckney treaty

phyllis wheatley

wrote about irony of slavery

federalists leaders, regional supporters, foreign affairs, economic views, criticisms, views of the constitution

• john adams, alexander hamilton, john jay

• north, business people

• worked with england

• high tariffs to grow industry

• monarichists: too much power

• loose interpretation - we can bend the constitution sometimes

democratic republicans leaders, regional supporters, foreign affairs, economic views, criticisms, views of the constitution

• thomas jefferson, madison

• south/west, farmers and common man

• worked with france

• low tariffs to sell cash crops

• radical revolutionaries

• not in constitution? can’t do it

george washington events

• unaffiliated political party

• jay treaty

  • unpopoular

  • people felt like they were taken advantage of

• whiskey rebellion

  • not liked by western farmers

• proclamation of neutrality

  • most supported, democratic republicans didn’t like it

• pinckney’s treaty

  • new orleans plays bog role, popular with farmers

  • spain backs away thinking U.S. is close with england. they abandon mississippi river and gives america access to river

• farewell address

  • people liked it

john adams events

• federalist

• alien and sedition acts

  • kills adams’ presidency

• xyz affair

  • people liked it

george grenville

• strict prime minister

• passes stamp and sugar act to raise money

  • protests occur, sons of liberty form (sam adams)

• quartering act places soldiers in colonists’ homes, makes things worse

stamp act congress

• addresses stamp act and representation

• boycotts

  • daughters of liberty make goods

• england repeals stamp act

declaratory acts

• england can declare taxes on colonies

townsend acts

• officials can search homes of suspected smugglers or boycotters

• hardly any evidence needed

virtual representation

english parliment speaks for you

actual representation

colonial view (presence in parliament)

john Dickerson

-letter from a pennsylvania letter

recognize british authority and colonies right to tax

doesnt sign declaration

patrick henry

no taxes except those established by the colonies

boston tension

• quartering acts

• boston massacre

  • propoganda

  • english fire upon colonial crowd

  • english scared

  • colonials thought they were attacked on purpose

  • john adams defends troops - minority is sons of liberty

coersive/intolerable acts

• boston must pay for tea party

• shuts boston down from trade

• shuts down governing bodies

1st continential congress

• secret meeting - address intolerable acts

• colonies agree to unite in british boycott

• communities of correspondence

  • secret communication network between colonies

foundations of revolution

• natural rights

  • life liberty and property john locke

  • everyone is born with rights that you can’t take away

• social contract between government and people

  • government protects people

  • people abide by rules

• deism

  • god exists but doesn’t interfere with life

• humans ability and knowledge over aristocracy and nobility

lexington and concord

• starts first

• both sides claim other started first

• english flee to boston under constant fire