Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
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Biome
A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
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Ecosystem
A community of organisms and their abiotic environment
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Community
All the different populations that live together in an area
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Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
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Organism
An individual living thing
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Organ System
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
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Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
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Cell
Basic unit of life
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Organelle
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
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Macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
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Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Atom
Basic unit of matter, building block of element
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Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
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Prokaryotic cells
cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
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Structure and Function
Body parts have different forms, depending on their jobs
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Diversity
(n.) difference, variety; a condition of having many different types of forms
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Binomial Nomenclature
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
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Classification
The process of grouping things based on their similarities
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Domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Bacteria
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes
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Archaea
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes, extremophiles
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Eukarya
Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals
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Kingdom
First and largest category used to classify organisms
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Phylum
Group of closely related classes
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Kingdom Protista
Contain one celled eukaryotes such as algae and protozoa.
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Kingdom Fungi
Consists of unicellular and multicellular organisms that cannot make their own food (heterotrophs)
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Kingdom Plantae
Complex, multi-cellular organisms that use photosynthesis to make food.
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Kingdom Animalia
contain organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including vertebrates and invertebrates, absorb nutrients
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Kingdom Eubacteria
a kingdom of prokaryotic organisms that contains mostly free-living and common bacteria; classified under Domain Bacteria
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Kingdom Eubacteria
\-Prokaryote, Unicellular, autotrophic, Has cell wall with peptidoglycan
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Class
in classification, a group of closely related orders
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Order
Group of similar families
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Family
Group of genera that share many characteristics
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Genus
A group of similar species
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Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
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Scientific Method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
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Scientific Theory
A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.
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Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds; emergent properties
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Neutron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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Electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
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Atomic Mass
Number of protons and neutrons
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Atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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Reactants
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
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Products
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
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Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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Radioactive Isotope
An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
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Electron Shell
a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom
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Electron Orbital
the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time
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Valence Shell
outermost electron shell
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Covalent Bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
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Ionic Bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
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Ions
positively and negatively charged atoms
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Hydrogen Bond
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
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Chemical Equlibrium
the point at which the reactions offset one another exactly
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Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally
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Polar Molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
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Cohesion
an attraction between molecules of the same substance
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Surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
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Thermal Energy
The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance
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Heat
thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
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Specific Heat
the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).
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Heat of Vaporization
the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
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Evaportive Cooling
The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.
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Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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Solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
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Hydration Shell
the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
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Hydrophilic
Having an affinity for water.
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Hydrophobic
Water fearing
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Molecular Mass
The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule
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Mole
the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance
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hydrogen ion (H+)
a single proton with a charge of 1+
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hydroxide ion (OH-)
A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen.
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hydronium ion (H3O+)
the positive ion formed when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion
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Acid
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
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Base
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
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Ph Scale
scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic
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PH
hydrogen ion concentration
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Buffer
compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH
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Acidification
The lowering of the pH of a solution.
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Organic Chemistry
the study of compounds containing carbon
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Hydrocarbon
Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
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Isomer
Compounds with the same formula but different structures/properties
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Structural isomer
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
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Cis Trans Isomers
have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements due to inflexibility of double bonds
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Enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other
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Functional Groups
chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality
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Hydroxyl Group
-OH (alcohol)
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Cabonyl Group
C\=O
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Carboxyl group
A -COOH group, found in organic acids.
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Amino Group
(—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.
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Sulfhydryl group
-SH, thiol
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Phosphate Group
PO4 3-, organic phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
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