Biology Test 1

Biology

the scientific study of life

Organization

Hierarchy of complex biological structures

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Organism

An individual living thing

Organ System

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Cell

Basic unit of life

Organelle

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Atom

Basic unit of matter, building block of element

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Prokaryotic cells

cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

Structure and Function

Body parts have different forms, depending on their jobs

Diversity

(n.) difference, variety; a condition of having many different types of forms

Binomial Nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Classification

The process of grouping things based on their similarities

Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Bacteria

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes

Archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes, extremophiles

Eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

Kingdom

First and largest category used to classify organisms

Phylum

Group of closely related classes

Kingdom Protista

Contain one celled eukaryotes such as algae and protozoa.

Kingdom Fungi

Consists of unicellular and multicellular organisms that cannot make their own food (heterotrophs)

Kingdom Plantae

Complex, multi-cellular organisms that use photosynthesis to make food.

Kingdom Animalia

contain organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including vertebrates and invertebrates, absorb nutrients

Kingdom Eubacteria

a kingdom of prokaryotic organisms that contains mostly free-living and common bacteria; classified under Domain Bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria

\-Prokaryote, Unicellular, autotrophic, Has cell wall with peptidoglycan

Class

in classification, a group of closely related orders

Order

Group of similar families

Family

Group of genera that share many characteristics

Genus

A group of similar species

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Scientific Theory

A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds; emergent properties

Neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

Atomic Mass

Number of protons and neutrons

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Reactants

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

Products

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Radioactive Isotope

An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.

Electron Shell

a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom

Electron Orbital

the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

Valence Shell

outermost electron shell

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Ions

positively and negatively charged atoms

Hydrogen Bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Chemical Equlibrium

the point at which the reactions offset one another exactly

Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

Polar Molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

Cohesion

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

Surface tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Thermal Energy

The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance

Heat

thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

Specific Heat

the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).

Heat of Vaporization

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

Evaportive Cooling

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

Hydration Shell

the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water.

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Molecular Mass

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

Mole

the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance

hydrogen ion (H+)

a single proton with a charge of 1+

hydroxide ion (OH-)

A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen.

hydronium ion (H3O+)

the positive ion formed when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Ph Scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

PH

hydrogen ion concentration

Buffer

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH

Acidification

The lowering of the pH of a solution.

Organic Chemistry

the study of compounds containing carbon

Hydrocarbon

Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

Isomer

Compounds with the same formula but different structures/properties

Structural isomer

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Cis Trans Isomers

have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements due to inflexibility of double bonds

Enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other

Functional Groups

chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality

Hydroxyl Group

-OH (alcohol)

Cabonyl Group

C\=O

Carboxyl group

A -COOH group, found in organic acids.

Amino Group

(—NH2) a functional group composed of nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton. Can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of +1.

Sulfhydryl group

-SH, thiol

Phosphate Group

PO4 3-, organic phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

Methyl Group

-CH3, methylated compound