H&I: Human Growth and Development week 3

Flashcards covering key concepts, principles, developmental stages, assessments, and prominent theorists in human growth and development, based on ATI Engage Fundamentals lecture notes.

Human Development

Begins with conception and progresses through stages: prenatal development, newborn, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and late adulthood.

Stages of Development

Periods between conception and late adulthood, each defined by unique physical, cognitive, and emotional changes.

Cephalocaudal Principle

Human development follows a head-to-toe progression, meaning control over the neck and head is gained before extremities.

Proximodistal Principle

Human development progresses from the center of the body outward, with the spine developing before extremities, fingers, and toes.

Simple to Complex Principle

Human development evolves in an orderly fashion from simple skills to more complex ones, such as head control before crawling.

Continuous Process Principle

Human development is an ongoing process marked by alternating periods of growth spurts and slow, steady growth.

General to Specific Principle

Human development moves from large muscle movements to more refined, specific muscle movements.

Individualized Rates Principle

Human development varies from person to person, with each individual having their own growth timetable and rate of development.

Prenatal Development

The period from conception to birth, lasting 38-40 weeks and divided into three periods: zygote, embryo, and fetus.

Apgar Scoring

An assessment of a newborn at one and five minutes after birth based on color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone, and respiration; a score of 7 or higher is considered normal.

Toddlerhood

The developmental stage spanning 12 to 36 months of age, characterized by significant physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development.

Adolescence

A transitional period from the onset of sexual maturity to the cessation of growth and movement toward emotional maturity, marked by dramatic physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth.

Young Adulthood

The stage where physical growth is generally complete by age 20 (brain development continues until age 25), and all organs and body systems are fully developed.

Climacteric

A change of life experienced by males and females; for females, it is known as menopause, marking the cessation of menses.

Older Adulthood

The age demographic comprising individuals over 65, which is the fastest-growing age group in the United States.

Late Adulthood Health Promotion

Strategies focused on maintaining functional capacity, improving self-care, and increasing social networks to promote independence and quality of life.

Freudian Theory

Posits that adult personality is shaped by successful navigation through psychosexual stages, with unresolved conflicts leading to personality problems.

Erikson's Theory

Describes eight stages of psychosocial development, each with a unique crisis, where successful resolution leads to psychosocial growth.

Piaget's Theory

Focuses on cognitive development, explaining how individuals acquire knowledge, intellect, and cognition over time.

Kohlberg's Theory

Contends that children progressively develop moral reasoning as they gain logical thinking abilities, and moral development continues throughout the lifespan.