HBS Skeletal Systems Test

Nondisplaced

fractures are often closed and do not move out of alignment. They are sometimes referred to as incomplete fractures because the bone cracks but does not break all the way through.

Displaced

fractures are generally more complex because the bones are out of alignment, or they may be in several pieces. The broken bone snaps out of place, and the broken ends do not line up correctly.

Complete

The bone is clearly broken, fully through, into two or more pieces.

Incomplete

There is a crack that does not reach across the entire width of the bone.

Open

A fracture associated with an open wound or break in the skin through which bone often protrudes

Closed

A fracture in which the skin remains intact with no penetration or protrusion of bone

Comminuted

The bone is broken into more than two pieces.

Depression

Is a type of bone break where a fragment or section of the bone is driven inward below its normal level, creating an indentation or sunken area.

Compression

A compression fracture is a break in a vertebra (a bone in your spine).

Transverse

A fracture that results in the fragment being approximately 90 degrees from the shaft.

Oblique

A fracture that results in the fragment being approximately 45 degrees from the shaft.

Spiral

A fracture whose line is curved, in a spiral-like pattern, instead of straight.

Greenstick

Usually seen in children, this shows a break on one side and a bend or bow on the other side. It’s a type of partial fracture.

Stress/Hairline

A usually hairline fracture of a bone that has been subjected to repeated stress

Avulsion

The detachment of a bone fragment that results from the pulling away of a ligament, tendon, or joint capsule from its point of attachment on a bone

Epiphyseal

Is a type of bone fracture that affects the growing part of a child’s bone.

What are the stages of repair?

Hematoma forms, fibrocartilage callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs

Reduction

Refers to the process of aligning displaced broken bone ends.

What are the two types of reduction?

Closed and Open

Closed Reduction

Physician uses hands to place bones into position.

Open Reduction

Bones are secured together surgically with screws, plates, pines, wires, rods, etc. Can be internal and external.

What are the two types of Open Reduction?

Internal fixation and External

Internal fixation

Hardware is all internal

External fixation

hardware is internal but also is attached to external stabilizer

What happens after reduction?

The bones are immobilized by a cast or traction for healing.

How do you determine how long a bone needs to heal for?

For simple, small/med bones: 6-8 weeks for young people, longer for elderly (due to poor circulation), longer for large, weight bearing bones such as femur, longer for complicated breaks.

Traction

Is the use of weights, ropes, and pulleys to apply force to tissues surrounding a broken bone

A hematoma forms

A hematoma is a mass of clotted blood at the fracture site that is caused by the tearing of vessels in the bone, the periosteum and in possible surrounding tissues. Often times, the formation of a hematoma is accompanied with swelling and pain. The swelling is dues to increased blood plasma and white blood cells moving into the area to flood the area with nutrients and protection. Pain is triggered by tissue damage and alerts the body to injury and protects it from further damage.

A fibrocartilaginous callus forms

Within a few days, a fibrocartilaginous callus forms. CAPILLARIES grow in the hematoma; PHAGOCYTIC cells clean up debris, and fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of the bone. FIBROBLASTS produce collagen fibers that span the break and connect the broken bone ends. CHONDROBLASTS secrete cartilage that will later calcify, and OSTEOGENIC cells are stem cells that give rise to OSTEOBLASTS (bone building cells), which will later help to form spongy, bone.

A Bony Callus Forms

Within a week, a bony callus forms. OSTEOBLASTS are very active during this phase. New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus and gradually converts it to a bony (hard) callus of spongy bone. This process continues until a firm union forms about two months later.

Bone Remodeling Occurs

Bony callus formation continues for several months after the break is healed and is remodeled. Excess material on the diaphysis exterior and within the medullary cavity is removed during remodeling, with the help of OSTEOCLASTS. Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls. In the end, the final structure of the remodeled area will resemble the original bone because it responds to the same set of mechanical stressors (Wolf’s Law).

What type of tissue is bone tissue?

Bone is a type of connective tissue.

Tissue

A tissue is a group of cells that work together to form the same function. There are four main types of tissue in the body and these are epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissue.

What is Epithelial Tissue?

Covers/lines body surfaces inside and out

What does Epithelial Tissue do?

Protects, secretes, absorbs, and excretes

Examples of Epithelial Tissue include

Skin, lining of respiratory tract, lining of digestive tract, lining of urinary tract, lining of reproductive tract

What does Muscle Tissue do?

It allows movement

What are the three types of Muscle Tissue?

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary, found in the walls of hollow internal organs, some examples include the bladder, uterus, small intestine, large intestine, blood vessels, etc…

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary, found in the heart

Skeletal Muscle

VOLUNTARY, found attached to bones

Nervous Tissue is responsible for what?

Responsible for transmitting electrochemical impulses coming from environmental stimuli to the CNS where this information is processed and the appropriate impulse is then sent out to effectors for the appropriate response and to maintain homeostasis.

Types of Nervous Tissue

Found in peripheral nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain

Where is Connective Tissue found?

Found widely distributed throughout the body

What does Connective Tissue do?

Has a wide range of functions depending on type and location (adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood)

What are bones made of?

Living and nonliving components

Living components

osteocytes-bone cells

Nonliving components

Collagen, calcium, phosphate, calcium carbonate

What are the two types of osteocytes?

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

What is the function of Osteoblasts?

To build bone

What is the function of Osteoclasts?

To break down bone

What are the parts of a long bone?

Epiphysis, diaphysis (shaft), periosteum

What is the Epiphysis?

The END of a long bone; forms a joint (articulates) with another bone

What is the Diaphysis?

SHAFT in-between the epiphysis

Periosteum

A fibrous covering that is firmly attached to the outside of the bone whose fibers are continuous with ligaments and tendons.

Compact Bone

Bone tissue without spaces, found lining the diaphysis and epiphysis

Spongy Bone

Bone tissue with spaces that consists of branching bony plates (still strong and resists bending), found on the interior region of the epiphysis and lining of the medullary cavity, helps to reduce the weight of a bone without compromising strength and properly distributes forces so bone doesn’t break

The Canal System

Because of the hardness of bone tissue, bones have an extensive network of canals running through them