Human Development Quiz #2

Natural Selection

• Charles Darwin

• Individuals of a species better adapted are more likely to be favoured by the evolutionary process, to survive and reproduce.

Adaptive Behavior

• Helps an organism survive in its natural habitat.

  All organisms must adapt to particular places, climates, food sources, and ways of life.

• Attachment is a system designed by natural selection to

ensure a human infant’s closeness to the caregiver for

feeding and protection from danger.

Evolutionary Psychology

• emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest”

• Focuses on conditions that allow individuals to

• survive or to fail.

• Natural selection tends to favour behaviours that increase an organism's ability to reproduce and pass on its genes to the next generation.

David Buss

• Declares that evolution influences our physical features, decision-making, aggression, fears, and mating.

Building Blocks of Life

• DNA

• Genes

• ChromosomeS

Genes

• Second Smallest

• Contains hereditary information

• Short segments that has DNA

• Allows for cells to reproduce themselves

• Also allows building the proteins that help humans stay alive

DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic acid

• Complex molecule

• Shape: double helix 

• Contains: genetic information 

Chromosomes

• Threadlike structures

• Build of thousands of genes 

• Comes in 23 pairs

• One member of each pair coming from each parent 

Mitosis

• Each chromosome in the cell nucleus duplicates itself

Meiosis

• Cells divide into gametes (sperm/testes in males, ovaries/egg in females)

• Have half the genetic material of the parent cell 

Zygote

• two sets of unpaired hormones which combine to form one sets of paired chromosomes

Genotypes and Phenotypes

• Genotype - an individual's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material

• Each genotype. A range of phenotypes can be expressed

Polygenic Inheritance

• inheritance of a trait governed by more than one genes

• There are more than 50 000 genes

Amniocentesis

• procedure used to take out a small sample of the amniotic fluid for testing.

• Find information about the baby (sex, health etc.)

NRIs

• New reproductive technologies

• broad constellation of technologies for facilitating, preventing, or intervening in the process of reproduction.

• E.g: contraception, abortion, antenatal testing, birth technologies, and contraceptive technologies.

In vitro fertilization

• a procedure that involves retrieving a woman's eggs and a man's sperm sample

• after, it combines the two in a laboratory dish.

• One or more fertilized embryo is then transferred to the woman's uterus.

Heredity

• all biological processes in which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring

Gregor Mendel

• developed three principles of inheritance describing the transmission of genetic traits

• before anyone knew genes existed.

• Experiment: Mendel purposefully cross- pollinated pea plants based on their different features to make important discoveries on how traits are inherited between generations.

Alleles

•  genomic location

• Everyone inherits two alleles (one from each parent)

• If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele EX. (Wet or dry earwax from parents)

Somatic cells

• cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells ( germ cells).

• In humans, somatic cells are diploid (they contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.)

Gametes

• reproductive cell of an animal or plant. In animals, female gametes are called ova or egg cells

• male gametes are called sperm.

• Ova and sperm are haploid cells, ( each cell carrying only one copy of each chromosome)

Dominance

• relationship between two versions of a gene.

• Everyone receive two versions of each genes, (alleles), from each parent.

• If the alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be expressed; it is the dominant gene.

• The other allele called recessive, is masked.

Phenotypes

• the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics

• height, eye color, skin (physical traits)

• Intelligence, creativity, personality (Psychological)

Punnet Squares

• square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

• Named after Reginald C. Punnett,

• Discovered the approach in 1905.

Sex linked maintenance

Two of the 46 chromosomes that human beings normally carry are the sex chromosomes

• Females have two x chromosomes

• males have an X and Y

Sandra Scarr

• Behaviour-geneticist

• Described three ways that heredity and environment are correlated:

• Passively, Evocatively, Actively

Jenson

• Arthur Jensen sparked a debate that intelligence is primarily inherited.

• believed that standardized IQ tests are a good indicator of intelligence.

• IQ tests tap only a narrow range of intelligence, excluding important aspects such as everyday problem solving, work, and social adaptability.

• Most investigations of heredity and environment don't include environments that differ radically.