Lecture 3: Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System

What are the types of connective tissue?

Cartilage

Bone

Ligaments

Tendons

Blood

What are the types of cartilage?

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage is made of ____ and is found in the ____.

Elastin

Ear, epiglottis, etc

Fibrocartilage is made of ____ and is found the ____.

Type 1 collagen fibers

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus pads, etc.

Hyaline cartilage is the precursor to bone in ____ and is found ____.

Endochondral ossification

All throughout the body, including the costal cartilages, nasal cartilage, articular cartilage, and respiratory cartilage

Cortical bone is found in the ____ of a ____ bone and is also called ____ bone.

Diaphysis

Long

Compact

Trabecular bone is found in the ____ of a ____ and is also called ____ bone.

Epiphysis

Long

Cancellous or Spongy

The scapula, clavicle and pelvis are a part of the ____ skeleton.

Appendicular

Where are sesamoid bones typically found?

In tendons

Fibrous joints offer ____ mobility.

Limited

Types of fibrous joints are ____.

Sutures

Syndesmosis

Gomphosis

Sutures are made of ____.

Type 3 collagen (Sharpey’s fibers)

Syndesmosis are defined as ____.

Two bones being held together by fibrous connective tissue (think radioulnar and tibiofibular joints)

A gomphosis is a peg and socket joint. An example of this is a ____.

Dentoalveolar joint

Cartilaginous joints offer ____ mobility.

Limited

Types of cartilagenous joints are ____.

Synchondrosis (Primary)

Symphysis (Secondary)

Synchondrosis joints are defined as ____.

Two bones held together by hyaline cartilage (think sternochondral joint)

What type of cartilage makes up a symphysis?

Fibrocartilage

Synovial joints offer ____ mobility.

High

The articular surfaces of synovial joints are covered with ____ cartilage.

Articular

The TMJ joint is made up of what types of synovial joint movements?

Hinge and Plane

What is endochondral ossification?

When bone is formed from a cartilagenous precursor starting at the primary ossification center (diaphysis) and then the secondary ossification center (epiphysis)

What are examples of bones formed via endochondral ossification?

Long bones

Skull base

What is intramembranous ossification?

The creation of bone via connective tissue (mesenchyme precursor)

What are examples of bones formed via intramembranous ossification?

Cranial vault

Face

Ligaments connect ____.

Bone to bone

Tendons connect ____.

Muscle to bone

What are the layers of the integumentary system?

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutis (superficial fascia or subdermis)

What does the deep fascia surround?

Muscles

Nerves

Whats does the visceral fascia surround?

Organs

What are the characteristics of Skeletal Muscle?

Voluntary

Striated

GSE and SVE innervation (alpha and gamma motor neurons)

What are the characteristics of Cardiac Muscle?

Involuntary

Striated w/ intercalated discs

Found in heart

GVE innervation

What are the characteristics of Smooth Muscle?

Involuntary

Unstriated

Found in vessels and organs

GVE innervation

What is the main idea behind fiber orientation and shape?

To understand muscle function, look for fiber orientation

Contralateral means ____.

The movement is opposite the side of the contracting muscle

Ipsilateral means ____.

The movement is on the same side as the contracting muscle