Anatomy Module 1

Anatomy means

to cut apart; complete dissection of animal cadaver

Physiology is

the study of the integrated functions of the body and functions of its parts

biophysical processes

movement

biochemical processes

metabolism

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

dissection of animal cadavers (seen with unaided eye)

comparative anatomy

study of species structures that aid in classification

embryology

study from fertilization to birth

microscopic anatomy (histology)

study of tissues and cells with a microscope

skeletal system

osteology

articular system

arthrology

muscular system

myology

Digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems:

splanchnology

endocrine system

endocrinology

nervous system

neurology

circulatory system

cardiology

sensory system

esthesiology

cranial

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail

rostral

towards the nose

median plane

plane passing through body that divides body into equal left and right halves

sagittal plane

any plane parallel to the median plane; sometimes called the midsagittal plane

transverse plane

at right angles to median plane; divides body into cranial and caudal segments

horizontal plane

right angles to both median plane and transverse planes; divides body into dorsal and ventral segments

medial

close to or toward the median plane (moving towards center body)

lateral

away from the median plane (going out from center body)

dorsal

toward or beyond backbone or vertebral column

ventral

away from the vertebral column or toward mid-abdominal wall

Simple squamous

thin, platelike cells; smooth surface to reduce friction (epithelial)

cuboidal

approx. equal in all dimensions; ducts, passages of kidneys (epithelial)

columnar

cylindrical cells; honeycomb; pseudostratified (epithelial)

stratified

more than one layer of epithelial cells

secretion

release from gland cell of a substance synthesized by the cell; usually affects other cells

excretion

expulsion of waste products

endocrine glands

empty secretory products directly into blood

exocrine

empty secretory products on an epithelial surface via ducts

elastic connective tissue

contains kinked fibers which regain their original shape after being stretched (ligmentum nuchae = support head)

collagenous (white fibrous)

proteinaceous fibers of collagen; very strong tensile strength; ligaments, tendons

areolar (loose)

protective cushioning but flexible (blood vessels)

recticular

fine fibrils and cells; endocrine and lymphatic systems

cartilage

firmer than fibrous tissue, not as hard as bone

hyaline cartilage

glasslike covering of bones within joints

bone

osteoid tissue which becomes calcified

blood

fluid matrix (plasma), variety of cells, nutrients, and waste products (considered connective tissue b/c produced in bone marrow)

muscle tissues

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

smooth tissue

spindle shaped cells with one central nucleus

skeletal tissue

striated, but each cell has its own nerve supply

cardiac tissue

involuntary striated

nervous tissues

essential cells called neurons; cells have projections called axons (away from cell body) and dendrites (towards cell body)

Thoracic cavity

develops/grows through the epithelial cell layer known as the pleura; simple squamous epithelium

pericardial sac

surrounds heart

pleural sacs (2 of them)

surrounds lungs

abdominal cavity

develops/growth through an epithelial cell layer knows as peritoneum (body wall)

visceral peritoneum

surrounds abdominal organ

parietal peritoneum

surrounds abdominal cavity

hypertrophy

increase in size of cell or organ beyond normal

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells leading to increase in size

atrophy

decrease in size from normal

aplasia

failure of tissue to develop

hypoplasia

incomplete development of a tissue

metabolism

refers to sum total of the physical and biochemical reactions occurring in each cell (therefore entire animal)

anabolic metabolism

refers to building cellular components

catabolic metabolism

refers to breakdown of cellular components

catabolic reaction

oxidation of carbon dioxide and water

irritability (excitability)

property of being able to react to a stimulus

conductivity

property of transmitting electrical impulse from point A to B (nerve cells)

contractility

ability to shorten in one direction (muscle cells)

chemical composition of cell

60-65% water, protein, lipids, carbohydrates (big part of diet- less than 1% of cell)

plasma membrane

lipid bilayer, almost impermeable, pores/carriers/pumps, protein receptors; ER and Golgi continuous with pores

nucleus

DNA controls activity of cell; transcription (DNA → RNA), contains genetic materal

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

tubules and vesicles attached to nuclear membrane; protein synthesis (ribosomes) and transport (vesicles)

ribosomes

found in ER and cytoplasm; site of translation (RNA → Protein)

golgi apparatus

continuation of ER; receives proteins from ER, sorts and labels proteins, export proteins (Secretory vesicle)

mitochondria

Powerhouse of cell; supplies over 90 percent of energy; ATP; located throughout cytoplasm; larger number during lactation (more energy needed)

lysosomes

stomach of cell; digests old organelles, food particles, viruses and bacteria; acidic (pH is 4.8), cell apoptosis when ruptured

mitosis

division of somatic cells to produce two identical daughter cells

meiosis

reductional division of a somatic cell into a gamete (oocyte or sperm); diploid reduced to haploid; crossing over occurs during this, which allows for genetic variability

osteology

skeleton gives basis for external structure and appearance; all mammals share basic body plan

bones

living structures with: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, get diseases, undergo repair

functions of bones

protect vital organs, muscles attach to b ones, entire skeleton dynamic storage of minerals, blood formation

compact (dense/cortical) bone

hard layer that constitutes the exterior of most bones

cancellous (spongy) bone

forms porous network; spaces usually filled with marrow

medullary (marrow) cavity

space surrounded by cortex of long bones; in young animals it is filled with red marrow but gradually replaced with yellow marrow as age increases

epiphysis

either end of long bone; end closest to body is proximal, furthest is distal

diaphysis

cylindrical shaft of long bone

metaphysis

flared area adjacent to epiphysis

epiphyseal cartilage

layer of hyaline cartilage within metaphysis of immature bone; separates the diaphysis from epiphysis

articular cartilage

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface

periosteum

fibrous membrane covers surface of bone, except where articular cartilage

osteoblasts

bone producing cells; responsible for increase in diameter of bone

endosteum

fibrous membrane lines marrow cavity

osteoclasts

bone destroying cells; in endosteum determine size of marrow cavity and thickness of diaphyseal cortex

long bones

greater in one dimension than others; relatively cylindrical shaft; two extremities; aid in support, levers, and locomotion (humerous, radius, ulna, phalanges)

short bones

Cuboid or approx. equal in all dimensions, no single marrow cavity, more distributed, filled w/ spongy bone with marrow spaces, (ex. carpus and tarsus)

flat bones

relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions; consist of two plates of compact bone (lamina externa, lamina interna, separated by spongy material (diploe); protects organs (ex. skull, ribs, pelvis)

irregular bones

unpaired bones on median plane; protects, supports, muscular attachment (ex. vertebrae)

sesamoid bones

resemble sesame seed; occur along course of tendons; reduce friction and increase leverage (patella is largest)

Axial skeleton

bones on or attached to the midline; skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

skull

protects brain, supports sense organs, forms passage for entry to GI and respiratory systems; consists of cranial part (braincase) and facial part

skull - cranium

caudal and dorsal walls formed by occipital, parietal, frontal, interparietal; horns core boney projections from frontal bones (projections = cornual processes); lateral and ventral walls formed by temporal bones (middle and inner ear) and sphenoid bone (supports brain and pituitary gland)

skull - facial bones

divided into 3; orbital, nasal, oral; orbit = bony socket (protect eye); surrounded by portions of frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic; zygomatic arch partially formed by frontal, zygomatic, temporal, borders ventral and caudal parts of orbit; air passages through nasal bones, maxillae, incisive bones, palatine processes; right and left nasal passages separated by vomer bone; mandible contains all lower teeth and has muscles for chewing and swallowing