AP World Fall Final

Money Economy

Definition: based on copper coins, not practical for distance trade, used by China

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: The way China ran its economy before commercial innovations

Columbian Exchange

Definition: The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Significance: it introduced a wide range of new calorically rich staple crops to the Old World.

Time: 1492- 1800

Middle Passage

Definition: A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.

Significance: brought the slaves from West Africa to the West Indies

Time: 1700- 1808

Trading Post Empire

Definition and significance: Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

Time: 16th century

African Diaspora

Definition: Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.

Significance: The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.

Time: 1500-1800

Sugar

Definition: a luxury commodity

Significance: Dove the expansion of European empires in the Atlantic world.

Time: 16th century

Indian Ocean Trade

Definition: World's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa

Significance: It is a vital trading hub, connecting the Middle East to Southeast and East Asia, as well as Europe and the Americas.

Time: 800 A.D. - 1500s

Spice Islands

Definition: A small group of islands to the north-east of Indonesia, between Celebes and New Guinea.

Significance: an important strategic base for the highly profitable spice trade. Nutmeg and cloves largely drove the spice trade.

Time: 16 century

British East India Company

Definition and significance: A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Time: 16- 17 century

Dutch East India Company

Definition: Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Significance: brought porcelain, spices and exotica to Europe was the first business entity to link the East and West

Time: 1602- 1796

Kingdom of Kongo

Definition and significance: Kingdom dominating small states along the Kongo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency.

Time: 16th-17th century

Maritime Trade

Definition: The exchange of goods using sea routes

Significance: the backbone of international trade and the global economy

Time: 17th-19th century

Flying Cash

Definition: a system of credit that allowed someone to deposit paper money at one location and withdraw at another

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: A development during the time of Commercial Innovations on the Silk Road

Feudalism

Definition: a social hierarchy of serfs, knights, and nobles

Time period: (1200-1450)

Significance: Both the Japanese and the Europeans used feudalism as their social hierarchy of choice

3 feild system

Definition: crop rotations in which a field is planted with one set of crops one year and a different set the next year, and no crops the third year. The crops get Roa tasted from one feild to the other

Time: (1200-1450)

Significance: it led to population and urban growth in Europe

The Crusades

Definition: a vigorous campaign filled with expeditions to fight for the holy land

Time: (1200-1450)

Significance: it made Europeans more aware of the achievements in the Middle East and the rest of Asia. Europeans became more interested in intellectual and technological advancements

100 years war

Definition: War between France and England over territorial rights

Time: (1200-1450)

Significance: Serving under a single monarch united the people, and the use of gunpowder was increased in Europe

Renaissance

Definition: a cultural, artistic, political, and economic rebirth

Time: (1200-1450)

Significance: Europe gained tons of knowledge, new ideas, and inventions. It propelled the rise of powerful monarchs, centralized governments, and the birth of nationalism.

Burghers

Definition: middle class of merchants, and shopkeepers etc.

Time: (1200-1450)

Significance: this was an outcome of growth in long distance trade

Silk Roads

definition: a system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Time: (1450-1750)

significance: facilitated the transfer of ideas and cultures

caravanserai

Definition: Inns that housed travelers of the Silk Road

Time: (1450-1750)

Significance: they supported the flow of commerce and information allowed other cultures to become familiar with one another

Banking Houses

Definition: Where traders handed in a bill of exchange and were legally promised a certain amount of money.

Time: (1450-1750)

Significance: it allowed for easier travel because traders didnt have to travel with a bunch of head=by coins, they were able to carry more goods.

Hanseatic League

Definition: commercial alliance between northern Germany and Scandinavia to help them obtain luxury goods

Time: (1450-1750)

Significance: members were able to drive out pirates and monopolize other trade

Stern Rudder

Definition: gave ships more stability and made them easier to maneuver

Time: (1450-1750)

Significance: led to an expansion in overseas trade and begun the massive spread of sailing technology

Atlantic Slave Trade

Definition: Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Time: 1500-1800

Significance: This slave trade brought tremendous wealth to Europe and helped establish them as a major world power.

indigenous population

Definition: The people who originally settled an area

Time: 1450-1750

Significance: These populations caused conflicts and many battles against the European people. Many slaves came from these populations.

Colombian Exchange

Definition: the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

Time: 1492-1800

Significance: Introduced many new goods and cultures to many countries.

Syncretic Religions

Definition: religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems.

Time: 1450-1750

Significance: Led to the creation of many new religious beliefs due to the combination of 2 different cultures.

Pugachev Rebellion

Definition: Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Time: 1737-1775

Significance: The rebellion managed to consolidate support from various groups including the peasants, the Cossacks, and Old Believers priesthood.

Maroon Wars

Definition: Conflicts between the Jamaica Maroon settlements and the British after the British gained control of the island from the Spanish.

Time: 1655-1740

Significance: Showed the ability that some indigenous populations can have against large powers.

Metacom's War

Definition: Native Americans battle New England colonies; large percentage of native americans died, making it one of the bloodiest wars in US; severely damaged the Native American presence in the new world

Time: 1675-1676

Significance: Last stand by Native Americans against the English who were taking their land.

Glorious Revolution

Definition the overthrow of King James II of England

Time: 1688

Significance: permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England

Pueblo Revolt

Definition: Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Time: 1680

Significance: helped ensure the survival of Pueblo cultural traditions, lands, languages, religions, and sovereignty.

Scholar Gentry

Definition: The Chinese class of well-educated men from whom many bureaucrats were chosen.

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: Educated more of the population, increased popularity of the civil service exam.

Civil Service Exam

Definition: In Imperial China starting in the Han dynasty, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the nationwide administrative bureaucracy.

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: Educated more people, increased Confucianism.

Delhi Sultanate

Definition: The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: Muslims controlled the region in a Hindu area yet established a Islamic government.

Grand Canal

Definition: Waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: Opened up trade through waterways in China.

Baghdad House of Wisdom

Definition: Library and academic center for research and translation that was established in Baghdad. It was influenced by Greek philosophy.

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: Increase in Education and promoted the spread of ideas and thinking processes.

Hinduism

Definition: A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Time: 1200-Present

Significance: Influenced many people to do good things and set up regions and populations of people that also practice. Engaged in religious conflicts.

Islam

Definition: The religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life.

Time: 1200-Present

Significance: Helped govern empires and collectively brought people together to strengthen them. Very important religion that influenced political matters.

Buddhism

Definition: Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Time: 1200-Present

Significance: Controlled a region and also engaged in conflicts with other empires of different religions. Changed the empires in control and paved the way for society.

Confucianism

Definition: A system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: Vital part of Chinese society. All dynasty's in this era based their government off of his teachings.

Zheng He

(1371-1433) Chinese Ming Dynasty naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death; facilitated China's role in the tribute system in the Indian Ocean trade network. 300 ships, 28,000 people.

Bill of Exchange

Definition: states that a person is legally promised a certain amount of money

Time: 1200-1450

Significance: A development during commercial innovations in the silk road to create a more efficient way of transferring money.

Trans Saharan trade

exchange of goods across the Sahara Desert

Nobles

Definition: High authorities from rich and powerful families

Time: Mid 1600s

Significance: In England and Netherlands nobles held great power but had to contend with radical religious sects and middle class which were growing

Champa Rice

Definition: Rice that can easily and cheaply grow in East Asia

Time: 1200-1600

Significance: Increase food supply -> Population growth. And migration of people to rice growing regions -> growth of cities

Crusades

Definition: Religious wars between the Catholics of Europe and the Muslims living in the Holy Land to prevent the spread of Islam to Europe

Time: 1000-1300

Significance: Spread of knowledge to Europe and opened up more trade in Europe

Laisse-fair economies

Definition: governments should be less involved in economics

Time: 1750-1900

Significance: new idea from Adam Smith

Asante Kingdom

definition: West African kingdom that participated in slave trade, but not dependent on it.

time: 1450-1750

significance: grew more powerful from external trade.

Maritime Empire

definition: an empire centered on sea trade and dominating sea routes.

time: 1450-1750

significance: expanded international trade greatly, affecting countries economies and power.

joint-stock companies

definition: a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

time: 1450-1750

significance: raise much more capital through shares rather than a single investor.

Mercantilism

definition: an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

time: 1450-1750

significance: increased many countries wealths through max amount of exports.

Commercial Revolution

definition: transformed European economies to a trade based economy using gold and silver.

time: 1450-1750

significance: helped connect Europe with rest of the world through trade and commerce.

Tokugawa Japan

definition: the final period of traditional Japan, last of the shogunates, rise of new merchant class and increased urbanization.

time: 1450-1750

significance: restored order and unity for Japan.

The Dutch

definition: the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asian trade.

time: 1595-1975

significance: contributed to American understanding of religious freedom. Also established the world's first stock exchange.

Dutch East India Company

definition: made huge profits in Spice Islands and Southeast Asia.

time: 1602-1795

significance: made their ships faster and lighter, innovations in finance as well.

Bank of Amsterdam

definition: bank that traded currency internationally, was highest slandered of living in Europe.

time: 1609

significance: first true central bank established.

Spice Islands

definition: known for its many spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, and cloves.

time: 1450-1750

significance: allowed for thriving trade in spices and other goods in the East for centuries before European vessels arrived.

Chinese Junk

Definition:A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Time: 13-15th century

Significance: It allowed for faster and more efficient travel across water.

Genghis Khan

Definition: a great ruler for the mongols who united northern and southern China and was trying to expand and gain imperial power.

Time Period: 1100-1200

Significance: He created the largest empire to ever exist and had religious tolerance while still being harsh.

Pax Mongolia

Definition: a time period when the Mongols were recovering from war and were at peace.

Time Period: 13 and 14th century

Significance: The Mongols built many new public works, had religious tolerance, and protected silk road.

Kublai Khan

Definition: founder of the Yuan Dynasty and grandson of Genghis Khan.

Time Period: 1200s

Significance: He was the first to rule over China when he conquered the Song Dynasty.

Bhakti Movement

Definition: Religious movement in Hinduism that emphasized relationship with a deity rather than rituals.

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: This movement helped greatly in the spread of Hinduism because it did not discriminate against those of lower social class.

Bubonic Plague

Definition: a disease that swept through Asia, Africa, and Europe, also known as the Black Death

Time: 14th Century

Signifcance: killed 50 million people and spread through trade routes

Spice Islands

Definition: An area that was rich with many different spices and was considered an area who sold specialized goods.

Time: 16th century

Significance: was an area that showed how places sold specific specialized goods in order to monopolize on them.

Indian Ocean Trade

Definition: a trade network across water that became heavily used due to developments in maritime technology and the growth of states.

Time Period: 800-1500

Significance: Allowed for many new cultural transfers, growth of states productions, and diaspora communities.

Lateen Sail

Definition:Triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind, increasing maneuverability and making early oceanic sailing possible

Time period:1450-1750

Significance: Was an important development to improve maritime technology and increase productivity for trade.

Ming Dynasty

Definition: imperial dynasty in China, was the last orthodox dynasty ruled by the Han people

Time:1300-1600

Significance: This dynasty is known for their trade expansion to the world which established cultural ties to the west.

Mamluks

Definition: Egyptians imprisoned by Arabs to serve as soldiers or bureaucrats.

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: These people show the control that Arabs had when they seized the Egyptian government. With this position of power, they encouraged trade of cotton/sugar with Europe.

Sharia Law

Definition: Essentially Muslim Law, as derived from religious writings such as the Quran.

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: Many people in Dar al Islam shared similar culture (religion, government structure) due to their founding under Sharia Law.

Mali

Definition: A Muslim kingdom in Africa that became well-known for its gold trade. Mansa Musa, a Mali ruler, is a symbol of their wealth and power.

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: Islam was used as a connection to drive trade with other kingdoms in Africa, and through shared religion, Mali thrived in wealth.

Shi'a

One of the two main branches of Islam; rejects the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor; most commonly found in Iran,

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Iba Battuta

Definition: A Muslim man who wrote about his travels to different countries.

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: He spread culture, and inspired many people to travel.

Mita System

Definition: Incan system for payment of taxes with labor.

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: Such a system inspired other societies to structure taxes based on labor, rather than monetary value.

Dhimma

Definition: Muslim protection of Jews and Christians to practice in Islamist countries after paying taxes.

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: A form of religious tolerance in a large empire.

Dar al Islam

Definition: Land controlled by Muslim powers. (Literally meaning "House of Islam")

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: Muslim leaders ruled over non-Muslim peoples, especially when Dar al Islam was at its peak. This led to the conversion of many to Islam.

Zimbabwe

Definition: A kingdom ("Great Zimbabwe") in Africa that prospered through agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold. The architecture there displayed wealth.

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: Through trade with coastal cities, a blended culture evolved (leading to the creation of SWAHILI: Arabic and Bantu).

Jizyah

Definition: The tax levied against non-Muslims living in Islamic states

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: This is a representation of Muslims' favor for their own kind, and their laws that forbid harm against another Islam believer. Avoidance of this tax (and other results of identifying as a non-Muslim in Dar al Islam) led to many conversions.

Social Classes in the Ottoman Society

Definition: The specific types of people and their roles and placement in the Ottoman Society

Time: 1700s

Significance: Warrior aristocracy at the top as well as the ulama while more equality was given to religious minorities with woman playing important role as well

Enlightenment

Definition: A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion.

Time: Late 17 and 18 century

Significance: Religion became less pervasive while providing intellectual and ideological context

Caste system

Definition: Strict social hierarchy structured on racial components, designed to ensure Spanish-European dominance in new Spain.

Time: 18th Century

Significance: Expressed the importance of race and standing in society through specific diversities and tracing back to heritages which ultimately lead to different rebellions and societal interactions.

Ulama

Definition: Experts in Islamic Law

Time: 18 and 19 century

Significance: Were very important to the social class of ottoman society and were influential to the people in the society due to their extreme knowledge of Islamic law

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Definition: 16th c. & 17th c. English natural philosopher who developed scientific belief in empiricism & experimentation. Known for his work Novum Organum (1626)

Time: 1561-1626

Significance: Influenced many people through his works and belief systems

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

Definition: Two seventeenth-century English thinkers, set forth ideas that were to become key to the Enlightenment

Time: 17th and 18th centuries

Significance: They both put forth ideas which inspired people and they ultimately shaped law and important decision makers ways of thinking through their works

Empiricism

Definition: the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

Time: 17 and 18 centuries

Significance: This idea caused many experiments and eventually led to the scientific method because of the steps of experiment and observations

The Philosophes

Definition: New group of thinkers that explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways

Time: 17 and 18 centuries

Significance: The results from the economic theories and the ideas that came from it formed many important decisions and highlighted the new thinkers

The Wealth of Nations

Definition: British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Time: 1776

Significance: Pushed forward the economic beliefs such as laissez-faire economics which led to the foundation for capitalism

Gunpowder

Definition: Invented in China, used as a type of explosive warfare

Time Period: 9th Century (Invented), 1450-1800 (Empires)

Significance: Allowed for the vast expansion of land based empires and expanded the military

Land Based Empires

Definition: Empires where most of their power and wealth came from the land, rich agriculture, and profitable trade routes

Time Period: 1450-1800

Significance: Allowed for large kingdoms with rulers who legitimatized their rule through the arts, trade, and the military

Ibn Battuta

Definition: Muslim man who traveled through Afro-Eurasia and wrote a book

Time Period: 1300s

Significance: Wrote a book on his travels that spoke greatly about Islam and its people

Marco Polo

Definition: Boy who wrote a book on his travels around the world, specifically about his travels in China

Time Period: 1254-1324

Significance: His journeys sparked curiosity in Europeans, they wanted to be apart of the trade networks and such

Migration of Crops

Definition: Movement of crops to different areas due to trade and environmental reasons

Time Period: 1200-1450

Significance: Change in populations and led to soil erosion (overgrazing)

Protestant Reformation

Definition: Religious reform movement that swept through Europe that caused a divide in the Catholic Church

Time Period: 1500s

Significance: Creation of Protestant religion and results in a counter reformation

Martin Luther

Definition: German monk who proclaimed his 95 theses to the Catholic Church in hopes of reform

Time Period: 1483-1546

Significance: Split in the Catholic Church, creation of Protestantism, and separation of church and state

Lateen Sail

Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind. (1450-1750) It increased maritime trade in that it was more accurate and faster.

John Calvin

Definition: Believed in Christian ideals different from the Catholic Church and Martin Luther; Created Calvinism

Time Period: 1509-1564

Significance: Predestination

Scientific Revolution

Definition: a scientific trend based on the Renaissance

Time: Early 1600s

Significance: inspired Sir Francis Bacon's theories & Sir Issac Newton's works on gravity

Akbar the Great

Definition: Leader of the Mughals who tolerated all religions

Time: 1556-1605

Significance: Encouraged learning & sponsored religious ideas/practices