Acids, Bases, and Redox Reactions Overview

Acid

Substance releasing H+ ions in solution.

Hydrogen Ion

Proton, H+, released by acids in water.

Strong Acid

Completely dissociates in aqueous solution.

Weak Acid

Partially dissociates, releasing few H+ ions.

Hydrochloric Acid

Strong acid, formula HCl, fully dissociates.

Ethanoic Acid

Weak acid, formula CH3COOH, partially dissociates.

Neutralisation

Reaction of acid with base to form salt.

Base

Substance that neutralises an acid.

Alkali

Base dissolving in water, releasing OH- ions.

Sodium Hydroxide

Alkali, formula NaOH, releases OH- in water.

Metal Oxide

Base that reacts with acids to form salts.

Metal Hydroxide

Base that releases hydroxide ions in solution.

Salt

Product formed from neutralisation of acid and base.

Hydrogen Replacement

H+ from acid replaced by metal/ammonium ion.

Sulfuric Acid

Strong acid, formula H2SO4, fully dissociates.

Nitric Acid

Strong acid, formula HNO3, fully dissociates.

Calcium Carbonate

Base, formula CaCO3, neutralises acids.

Copper(II) Oxide

Base, reacts with acids to form salts.

Neutral Water

Water produced in acid-base neutralisation.

Equilibrium Sign

Indicates incomplete reaction in weak acid dissociation.

Common Bases

Includes metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates.

Acid-Salt Link

Salt name derived from the corresponding acid.

Neutralisation Equation

Acid + Base → Salt + Water.

Neutralisation

Reaction forming salt and water from acid and alkali.

Ionic Equation

Simplified representation of ionic reactions.

Copper(II) Sulfate

Blue salt formed from sulfuric acid and copper.

Copper(II) Chloride

Green salt formed from hydrochloric acid and copper.

Metal Carbonates

React with acids to produce salt, water, and CO2.

Sulfuric Acid

Strong acid that partially dissociates in water.

Dissociation

Process of breaking down into ions in solution.

Hydrogen Ion (H+)

Positively charged ion from acid dissociation.

Weak Acid

Partially dissociates in solution, like HSO4-.

Strong Acid

Completely dissociates in solution, like HCl.

Acid Salt

Salt formed by partial neutralisation of a weak acid.

Baking Powder

Contains organic acid and bicarbonate for baking.

Titration

Technique to measure solution volumes for reactions.

Standard Solution

Solution with known concentration for titrations.

Concentration

Amount of solute in a given volume of solution.

Quality Control

Ensuring purity of substances for safety.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Gas produced during carbonate neutralisation reactions.

Ethanoic Acid

Weak acid used in vinegar, reacts with bases.

Nitric Acid

Strong acid used in various chemical reactions.

Phosphoric Acid

Acid with three dissociable hydrogen atoms.

Complete Neutralisation

All acid reacts with base to form salt.

Partial Neutralisation

Only some acid reacts with base, forming acid salt.

Hydrochloric Acid

Strong acid commonly used in titrations.

Pharmaceutical purity

High purity level is essential for drug safety.

Standard solution

A solution with a known concentration.

Volumetric flask

Used to prepare standard solutions accurately.

Graduation line

Mark indicating the precise volume in flasks.

Meniscus

Curved surface of a liquid in a container.

Titration

Process of determining concentration via reaction.

Acid-base titration

Titration involving an acid and a base.

Pipette

Device for measuring and transferring liquids.

Burette

Instrument for delivering variable volumes of liquid.

Titre

Volume of solution added during titration.

Initial burette reading

Starting volume measurement before titration begins.

Final burette reading

Volume measurement after titration is complete.

Indicator

Substance that changes color at endpoint.

Conical flask

Container used to mix solutions during titration.

Trial titration

Initial titration to estimate the titre volume.

Concordant titres

Titration results agreeing within 0.10 cm³.

Tolerances of volumetric flasks

Precision limits for flask volume measurements.

Rinsing

Process of cleaning flasks to ensure accuracy.

Dilute solution

Solution with a lower concentration than intended.

Mixing solutions

Inverting flask ensures uniform distribution of solute.

Air bubbles in burette

Can cause errors in titration volume measurement.

Accurate weighing

Essential for preparing standard solutions correctly.

Adding distilled water

Final step to reach the graduation line.

Concordant titres

Two titres agreeing within 0.10 cm³.

Burette reading

Volume measurement from a burette in cm³.

Pipette

Device for measuring and transferring liquid volumes.

Mean titre

Average of concordant titration results.

Titration

Process of adding a solution to determine concentration.

Meniscus

Curved surface of liquid in a container.

Air bubble effect

Causes inaccurate volume measurement in pipette.

Top meniscus reading

Incorrect method leading to volume overestimation.

Bottom meniscus reading

Correct method for accurate burette measurement.

Titration calculation steps

Procedure to find unknown solution concentrations.

Concentration (c)

Amount of solute per volume of solution.

Reacting volume (V)

Volume of solution involved in a reaction.

Mole calculation

Determining amount of substance in moles.

Balanced equation

Chemical equation showing reactants and products ratios.

KOH(aq)

Potassium hydroxide solution used in titration.

H₂SO₄(aq)

Sulfuric acid solution used in titration.

Unknown concentration

Concentration of a substance to be determined.

Volumetric flask

Glassware for precise liquid volume preparation.

Hydrochloric acid

Strong acid used in titration experiments.

Mass of XCO₃

Weight of unknown carbonate measured in grams.

Titration results analysis

Interpreting data to identify unknown substances.

Final burette reading

Volume measurement after titration completion.

Initial burette reading

Volume measurement before titration begins.

Mean Titre V

Average volume used in titration experiments.

Concentration of HCl

Measured in mol/dm³, indicates strength of acid.

n(HCl)

Moles of hydrochloric acid calculated from volume.

X,C0,

Unknown carbonate reacting in titration.

Balancing Numbers

Coefficients indicating mole ratios in reactions.

Scaling Factor

Ratio used to adjust volumes in calculations.

Molar Mass

Mass of one mole of a substance.

Unknown Acid HA

Acid whose properties are to be determined.