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146 Terms
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ideology
A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals
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status quo
the existing state of affairs
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human nature
the way people are at their core
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social contract
agreement by which people give up some freedom to live in a civil society
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radical
Favoring drastic political, economic, or social reforms, through violence if necessary
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reactionary
Ideological view that favors a return to a previous state of affairs
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fascism
an ideology based on authoritarianism and extreme nationalism
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private property
property owned by individuals or companies
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rule of law
principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
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Economic Freedom
The freedom to own property, to make a profit, and to make choices about what to produce, buy, and sell
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self-interest
doing what's best for one's own personal gain
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public property
resources and products owned by government
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collective interest
- The set of goals that members of a group have in common.
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norms
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progressive taxation
the amount you pay increases as income increases
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classical liberal
ideology based mostly on individualism and laissez-faire capitalism
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modern liberalism
ideology that brings in some collectivist principles into liberalism
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democratic socialist
progressive, left-wing, collectivist, but still within values of liberalism
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mercantilism
economic system prior to capitalism, based on increasing wealth of the state
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Enlightenment
intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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Laissez-faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
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proletariat
Marx's word for the working class.
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Luddite
a person who is averse to technology or technological progress
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Trade Unionist
member of a workers' association, advocate for more workers' rights
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Chartist
Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament
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Factory Acts
English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements
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Bolshevik
original name for Communist Party in Russia
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Nationalization
Changing something from private to state ownership or control
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Quota
a fixed number of products
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scarcity
the limited nature of society's resources
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capital goods
Buildings, machines, technology, and tools needed to produce goods and services.
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means of production
the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth
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Privatization
To change from government ownership to private ownership
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speculation
the practice of making high-risk investments with borrowed money in hopes of getting a big return
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stock market bubble
a sharp rise in stock prices that is later followed by a sudden decline
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buying on margin
paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest
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bank run
widespread panic in which great numbers of people try to redeem their paper money
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consumer sovereignty
the idea that buyers hold the power to influence production decisions, based on what goods and services they purchase
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profit motive
the incentive that drives individuals and business owners to improve their material well-being
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monetary policy
managing the economy by altering the supply of money and interest rates
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fiscal policy
managing the economy by controlling taxing and spending.
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mixed economy
an economic system combining private and public enterprise.
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market economy
capitalist system based on economic freedom and private property
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command economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.
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supply
The amount of goods available
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demand
the desire to own something and the ability to pay for it
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supply and demand
the driving force behind prices and production in a market economy
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demand-side economics
the idea that increasing government spending and making tax cuts help an economy
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inflation
A general and progressive increase in prices
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stagnation
motionlessness; inactivity
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stagflation
A period of falling output and rising prices
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neoconservative
ideology that emphasizes free-market capitalism, small government and trickle-down economics
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supply-side economics
economic philosophy based on the ideas of Hayek and Friedman
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trickle-down economics
theory that deregulation and tax cuts for business and the rich will benefit the rest of societ
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government intervention
represents the actions taken by government to affect the economy
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welfare state
a mixed economy, a government that assumes responsibility for the basic needs of its people
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deficit
An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues.
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subprime mortgage
loan to a borrower with a not-so-good credit rating
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bailout
an act of giving financial assistance to a failing business or economy to save it from collapse.
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authoritarianism
A political system in which an individual or small group of individuals holds most of the power
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oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
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dictatorship
A government controlled by one person
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coup d'etat
A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group
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censorship
restricting access to ideas and information
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scapegoating
Blaming an innocent person or a group for one's own troubles
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cult of personality
the excessive adoration of a single leader.
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charismatic
exercising a compelling charm that inspires devotion in others
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controlled participation
Forcing the citizens of a nation into rallies and parades to support a regime or to vote in one-sided elections
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indoctrination
Teaching someone to accept an idea or principle without question
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Kulak
wealthy peasant in the Soviet Union in the 1930s
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gulag
Russian prison camp for political prisoners
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show trial
court hearings that are staged and meant for propaganda
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collectivization
a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government
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NKVD
Stalin's secret police
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Great Purge
A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin's power
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Komsomol
a communist youth organization.
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totalitarian
referring to a form of government in which one person or party holds absolute control
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hyperinflation
extremely rapid rise in prices
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Aryan Race
Hitlers version of the perfect people, "blonde hair and blue eyes"
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Fuhrer
Adolf Hitler's title as chancellor and head of state in Germany.
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Eugenics
science dealing with improving hereditary qualities
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gestapo
Nazi secret police
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third reich
German empire established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s.
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reasonable limits
restrictions on rights the Charter of Rights and Freedoms that most people would agree with in a democratic society
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freedom of assembly
the right of the people to gather peacefully and to petition government
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assimilation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into another
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imposing liberalism
Forcefully making a people adopt a system of liberal democracy
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enfranchisement
to admit to citizenship
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suffrage
the right to vote
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embargo
A ban on trade
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humanitarianism
done out of concern and to help people
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expansionism
a policy to expand one's sphere of influence
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containment
policy of resisting expansionism of rival ideology
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brinkmanship
the willingness to go to the edge of war to force an opponent to back down
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deterrence
An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force
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alignment
which side of the Cold War countries were on
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proxy war
a conflict in which major powers use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly
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sphere of influence
a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments
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détente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions
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liberation movements
Country rebels against the country that oppressed it.
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