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Intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Spearman's general intelligence (g)
a basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
Thurstone's primary mental abilities
our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts
GRIT
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Alfred Binet
1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Lewis Terman
revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
standardized test
A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals.
normal curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
predictive validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.
cohort
a group of people from a given time period
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
intellectual ability
the capacity to do mental activities- thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Down Syndrome
a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
heritability of intelligence
the extent to which intelligence test score variation can be attributed to genetic variation
growth mindset
the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
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