T2: The Peace Settlements of 1919-1920

International Relations in an Age of Uncertainity (1919-1933)

Fourteen Points (JAN 1918): President Wilson’s aims

To create fair and lasting peace. The points serve as basis for peace negotiation at the end of World War 1.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): Why did Lenin want to withdraw from WW1?

To establish a communist government (Bolshevik government).

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): Terms

The price Lenin had to pay. Established Russia as the USSR, Pulled them from World War 1, and Russian territory was ceded to Germany.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): Implications

Russia loses Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Georgia and Finland to Germany. Much of Russia’s best farmland, raw materials and heavy industry went to Germany.

Different aims of peacemakers: Wilson

He wanted to implement the fourteen points into peace settlement and for Germany to be punished but not heavily.

Different aims of peacemakers: Clemenceau

Wanted to destroy Germany politically and economically, to disarm Germany and leave them unable to pose a threat to French security. Wanted to reclaim the territory of Alsace and Lorraine.

Different aims of peacemakers: Lloyd George

Wanted Germany to recover financially as they held vital trade with Britain.

Different aims of peacemakers: Orlando

Wanted to gain wealth, prestige, influence and overall power from Germany’s penalty.

Problems faced by Peacemakers: Fallen Empires

Border and political disputes led to the failure of the Austrian Turkish and Russian empires

TOV 1919: German Territorial Loss

• Alsace and Lorrraine goes to France

• Eupen and Malmedy goes to Belguim

• Northern Schleswig goes to Denmark

• Saar Basin is overwatched by the league for 15 years later a plebiscite gives the land to France

• Some of West Prussia goes to Poland

• Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (gained in Brest-Litovsk)become independent

• German-owned African colonies become manadates

• Port of Memel goes to Lithuania

• Rhineland gets demilitarizeds

TOV 1919: German Military

Strict limits were imposed: MAX 100,000 troops, 4,000 officer corps, NO airforce.

TOV 1919: Anschluss

The unity of Austria and Germany (two German-speaking countries) is FORBIDDEN. As they could pose a major threat.

TOV 1919: War Guilt Clause

Force the German nation to accept complete responsibility for World War I.

TOV 1919: Reparations

6.6 billion pounds

TOV 1919: German Resentment

Germans called the leaders of the Treaty November Criminals and the Treaty “Diktat” or dictated peace. They felt betrayed by allied powers

Following Treaties: Saint-Germain

September 10 1919

Countries Involved: Austria, Allied Powers

Outcome:

• Austria loses Bohemia and Moravia goes to Czechoslovakia

• Damatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina goes to Yugoslovia

• Galicia goes to Poland

• Trentino, Istria