AP Bio 3.1-3.5 (Chemical Groups-Denaturation)

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121 Terms

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Hydroxyl Group
A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. -OH
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Carbonyl Group
a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. >C=O
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Carboxyl Group
A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. -COOH
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Amino Group
a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. -NH2
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Sulfhydryl Group
A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. -SH
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Phosphate Group
A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer. --OPO32-
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Methyl Group
A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. -CH3
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Hydroxyl Example
Ethanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages
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Carbonyl Example
Acetone (a ketone), Propanal (a aldehyde)
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Carboxyl Example
acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste
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Amino Example
Glycine
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Sulfhydryl Example
Cysteine
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Phosphate Example
ATP
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Methyl Example
5-methyl cytosine (DNA)
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Hydroxyl Chemical Formula
--OH (HO--)
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Carbonyl Chemical Formula
>C=O (O=C
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Carboxyl Chemical Formula
--COOH (HOOC--)
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Amino Chemical Formula
--NH2
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Sulfhydryl Chemical Formula
--SH (HS--)
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Phosphate Chemical Formula
--OPO3^2-
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Methyl Chemical Formula
--CH3
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ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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Hydrophillic Chemical Function Groups-Increase solubility
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, Methyl.
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Hydrophobic Chemical Function Groups-Decrease Solubility
Sulfhydryl
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Non-Reactive Chemical Function Groups
Methyl
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Reactive Chemical Function Groups
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate
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Ionized Chemical Function Groups
Carboxyl, Amino
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Nonionized Chemical Function Groups
Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl
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Macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
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Macromolecule Example
protein molecule, DNA molecule
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Organic Compound
a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
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Carbon Skeletons
provide the basic structures for organic molecules
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Ways Carbon Skeletons can vary
length, branching, double bond position, presence of rings
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Hydrocarbon
Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
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Hydrocarbon Example
Methane (CH4)
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Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
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Polymer Example
starch
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Monomer Example
glucose, amino acids, nucleotides
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Monomer
small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
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Enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
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Enzyme Example
lactase breaks down lactose
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Dehydration Synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
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Dehydration Synthesis Example
glucose + fructose = sucrose
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Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
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Hydrolysis Example
sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose
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Carbohydrates
Broken down to simple sugars
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Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules
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Carbohydrate Example
glucose
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Monosaccharides Example
glucose, fructose, galactose
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Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides
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How long is a Carbon skeleton?
3-7 carbons long
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Hexose
6 carbon sugar
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Glycosidic Linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
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Polysaccharides
large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
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What are polysaccharides used for?
energy storage and structural support
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Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
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Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
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Glucose Formation
hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon can be an alpha helix (above the ring) or a beta pleated sheet (below the ring)
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Chitin
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
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Lipids
Hydrophobic macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Lipid example
fat, oil, wax, phospholipid, steroids
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Fats
lipids that are solid at room temperature, nonpolar, hydrophobic
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Fat example
butter
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Fatty Acid
hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid
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Unsaturated fats
A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
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Saturated fats
A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.
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Phospholipid
a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
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What are phospholipids made of?
a phosphate group and two fatty acids
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Phospholipids have a _____ head and a _____ tail.
hydrophilic (polar), hydrophobic (nonpolar)
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Steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached
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Steroid example
cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
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7 protein functions
Enzymatic, Defensive, Storage, Transport, Hormonal, Contractile, Receptor, Structural
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Enzymatic Protein Function
selective acceleration of chemical reactions
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Defensive Protein Function
protection against disease
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Storage Protein Function
storage of amino acids
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Transport Protein Function
transport of substances
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Hormonal Protein Function
coordination of organisms activities
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Contractile Protein Function
make muscles move
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Receptor Protein Function
response of cell to chemical stimuli
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Structural Protein Function
to support
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Enzymatic Protein Function Example
Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
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Defensive Protein Function Example
Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria.
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Storage Protein Function Example
Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.
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Transport Protein Function Example
transport of substances (hemoglobin) takes O2 from lungs to body
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Hormonal Protein Function Example
Insulin
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Contractile Protein Function Example
Control the Cilia/Flagella, Actin+Myosin contract molecules
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Receptor Protein Function Example
Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells.
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Structural Protein Function Example
Keratin, Collagen, Elastin
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Polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
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Amino Acid
compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
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Polypeptide Example
insulin
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Amino Acid Example
Glycine
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Peptide Bond
covalent bond formed between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis
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Primary Protein Structure
linear sequence of amino acids
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Secondary Protein Structure
coiling or folding of a polypeptide due to H-bonding between amino acids
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Tertiary Protein Structure
3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
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Quaternary Protein Structure
association between two or more polypeptide chains within one protein
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Sickle Cell Disease
Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape.
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Denaturation
A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.
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Denaturation Example
Cooking an egg