A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. -OH
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Carbonyl Group
a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. >C=O
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Carboxyl Group
A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. -COOH
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Amino Group
a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. -NH2
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Sulfhydryl Group
A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. -SH
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Phosphate Group
A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer. --OPO32-
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Methyl Group
A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. -CH3
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Hydroxyl Example
Ethanol, the alcohol present in alcoholic beverages
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Carbonyl Example
Acetone (a ketone), Propanal (a aldehyde)
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Carboxyl Example
acetic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste
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Amino Example
Glycine
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Sulfhydryl Example
Cysteine
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Phosphate Example
ATP
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Methyl Example
5-methyl cytosine (DNA)
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Hydroxyl Chemical Formula
--OH (HO--)
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Carbonyl Chemical Formula
>C=O (O=C
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Carboxyl Chemical Formula
--COOH (HOOC--)
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Amino Chemical Formula
--NH2
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Sulfhydryl Chemical Formula
--SH (HS--)
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Phosphate Chemical Formula
--OPO3^2-
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Methyl Chemical Formula
--CH3
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ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
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Hydrophillic Chemical Function Groups-Increase solubility
Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules
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Defensive Protein Function Example
Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria.
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Storage Protein Function Example
Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids for baby mammals. Plants have storage proteins in their seeds. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo.
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Transport Protein Function Example
transport of substances (hemoglobin) takes O2 from lungs to body
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Hormonal Protein Function Example
Insulin
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Contractile Protein Function Example
Control the Cilia/Flagella, Actin+Myosin contract molecules
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Receptor Protein Function Example
Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells.
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Structural Protein Function Example
Keratin, Collagen, Elastin
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Polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
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Amino Acid
compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end
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Polypeptide Example
insulin
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Amino Acid Example
Glycine
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Peptide Bond
covalent bond formed between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis
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Primary Protein Structure
linear sequence of amino acids
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Secondary Protein Structure
coiling or folding of a polypeptide due to H-bonding between amino acids
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Tertiary Protein Structure
3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
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Quaternary Protein Structure
association between two or more polypeptide chains within one protein
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Sickle Cell Disease
Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape.
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Denaturation
A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.