Industrial and Economic Patterns and Processes

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms related to industrial and economic patterns and processes important for understanding the course material.

Primary Production

Includes agriculture, mining, energy, forestry, and fisheries.

Secondary Production

Involves the processing of raw materials from the primary sector and encompasses all forms of manufacturing.

Tertiary Production

Entails the transportation, wholesaling, and retailing of finished goods to consumers and includes various services.

Quaternary Production

Comprises business services, such as wholesaling, finance, banking, insurance, real estate, advertising, and marketing.

Quinary Production

Includes consumer services such as retailing, tourism, entertainment, government, and semi-public services like health and education.

Commodity Chain

The network from family-based producers selling directly to consumers, through farms and markets, to global supply networks.

Natural Resources

Goods derived from nature that can be renewable or nonrenewable; includes sectors like mining and energy extraction.

Sustainability

The capacity to maintain resource production without harming the ecosystem, especially regarding renewable resources like forestry and fisheries.

Deindustrialization

The process of shifting away from manufacturing as the main source of economic production, often resulting in job losses.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The dollar value of all goods and services produced in a country over a year, reflecting the size of the economy.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The dollar value of all goods and services produced in a country, plus the value of exports minus imports.

Per Capita

A term meaning 'for each person,' used in calculating income level on an individual basis.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite measure that assesses the level of development based on economic and social indicators.

Dependency Theory

The concept that many less developed countries rely heavily on developed countries for economic growth and investment.

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

A theory that categorizes countries based on their economic status as core, semi-periphery, or periphery nations.

Economies of Scale

Cost advantages gained by increasing the level of production, resulting in lower per-unit costs.

Agglomeration

The clustering of businesses or industries for mutual benefit, often leading to increased efficiency.

Ecotourism

Tourism directed towards natural environments, aimed at conservation and observing wildlife.

Annexation

The process of formally incorporating a territory into an existing political entity, typically a country. It often involves disputes over sovereignty and legitimacy.

Density Gradient

Describes the change in population density in an area as one moves away from the city center, typically showing that density decreases with distance.

Greenbelt

A designated area of open land around a city, intended to prevent urban sprawl and protect the environment.

Urban Sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, often leading to environmental and social issues.

Redlining

The practice of denying or limiting financial services to residents of certain areas based on racial or ethnic composition, often resulting in discriminatory housing opportunities.

Central Business District

The commercial and business center of a city, characterized by high land values and dense development, typically containing office buildings, retail shops, and cultural institutions.

Edge City

A suburban area that develops its own urban characteristics and offers a concentration of business, retail, and entertainment, often situated near major highways.

Sector Model

A model of urban land use that suggests cities develop in sectors or wedges radiating from the central business district, influencing social classes and land use patterns.

Zoning Ordinance

A legal regulation that specifies how land in a specific area can be used, including restrictions on building types, uses, and the density of development.

Gentrification

The process where a deteriorating urban area is transformed by the influx of more affluent residents, often leading to rising property values and displacement of lower-income families.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model that illustrates urban land use patterns characterized by several independent centers or nuclei, each attracting different types of land use and development.

Smart Growth

An urban planning concept that promotes sustainable, community-centered development and encourages efficient land use, reducing urban sprawl.

Acid Precipitation

A form of pollution that occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere, combining with water molecules to form acidic rain, impacting ecosystems and human health.

Ferrous

referring to metals and alloys containing iron, commonly used in construction and manufacturing.

Fission

The process of splitting a heavy atomic nucleus into lighter nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy, commonly used in nuclear reactors and weapons.

Ozone

A gas composed of three oxygen atoms, found in the Earth's stratosphere, which protects life by absorbing the majority of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Preservation

the maintenance of a resource or environment in its original state, protecting it from degradation or destruction.

OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, a group of oil-producing nations coordinating to manage oil production and prices.

Biodiversity

The variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or ecosystem. Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem resilience and human survival.

Non Ferrous

metals that do not contain significant amounts of iron, including aluminum, copper, and lead.

Pollution

the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the environment, adversely affecting air, water, and soil quality.

Resource

A source of supply or support that can be utilized to produce goods or facilitate economic activities, often categorized as renewable or non-renewable.

Sustainable Development

the process of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It incorporates economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity.

Biomass Fuel

organic material used as a renewable energy source, derived from plant and animal waste.

Fossil Fuel

A natural substance formed from decomposed plants and animals over millions of years, used as a primary source of energy, including coal, oil, and natural gas.

Geothermal Energy

energy generated from the heat stored within the Earth's crust, utilized for heating and electricity production.

Green House Affect

the warming of the Earth's surface due to trapped heat from greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane.

Nonrenewable Energy

Energy sources that cannot be replenished within a human time scale, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. They are often derived from fossil fuels and contribute to environmental issues like pollution.