Biology

Humans have chromosomes or _ pairs

46 chromosomes and 23 pairs

Chromatin thickens and shortens into

Chromosomes during cell division.

Interphase

DNA is copied

Mitosis

DNA is split equally into two daughter cells (Growth and repair process).

Cytokinesis

Parent cell is cleaved in half.. Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division, where the cytoplasm splits, creating two separate cells.

Diploid

Diploid means a cell has two sets of chromosomes—one from the mother and one from the father.

Somatic Cells

are any cells forming the body of an organism. They are typically diploid in humans.

Homologous Chromosomes

Homologous chromosomes are the matching chromosome pairs within a diploid cell—one from the mother and one from the father.

Asexual reproduction

is a type of reproduction where one parent produces genetically identical offspring without the need for fertilization.

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction where two parents combine their genetic material to create a genetically unique offspring.

Meiosis

the process which allows for the formation of gametes (occurs in gametes)

Gametes

Are the sex cells (haploid)

Haploid

Haploid refers to a cell that has one set of chromosomes instead of two.

External Fertilization

outside the body

Internal fertilization

inside the body

Differentiate

to specialize - due to gene expression cells only read part of the DNA

Outside

Ectoderm (skin, hair, nails,)

Middle

Mesoderm (Muscles, organs, glands)

Inner

Endoderm (pancreas, liver, digestive)

Zygote

A zygote is the first cell formed after fertilization when a sperm and an egg combine.

Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is the monthly process in females where the uterus prepares for pregnancy.

Embryo

The zygote is called an embryo from implantation to 8 weeks

Fetus

After 8 weeks of development, the embryo is known as fetus

Fertilization occurs in the

Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)

Placenta

The placenta gives the baby oxygen and nutrients and removes waste while it's growing inside the mother.

Down Syndrome

Extra copy of 21st chromosome

Edward’s syndrome

Extra copy of 18th chromosome

Klinefelter Syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition in males caused by an extra X chromosome