Nutrition, Food Choices & Health (Chapter 1)

This set of practice flashcards covers the fundamentals of nutrition, factors influencing food choices, nutrient classifications, energy values, and public health statistics from Chapter 1.

According to the transcript, how many meals and how many tons of food will a person eat in their lifetime?

About $88,000$ meals and $75$ tons of food.

Which six factors were identified by the 2019 Food and Healthy Survey as influencing food purchases?

Taste ($86\,\%$), brand name ($69\,\%$), price ($68\,\%$), healthfulness ($62\,\%$), convenience ($57\,\%$), and environmental sustainability ($27\,\%$).

What are the three most important factors that determine food choices?

Flavor, texture, and appearance.

Which two vegetables are the most commonly consumed by U.S. consumers?

Potatoes and tomatoes.

What are the most commonly consumed fruits in the U.S., and in what form are they primarily consumed?

Oranges and apples, consumed mostly in juice form.

What was the purpose of the Council of Better Business Bureaus establishing the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative?

To shift the mix of foods advertised to children to encourage healthier dietary choices and healthy lifestyles.

What is the intent of the law mandating the posting of calorie content on restaurant menus?

To provide consumers with clear and consistent nutrition information so they can make informed and healthful choices.

Define the term 'Hunger' as described in the lecture.

The primarily physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food.

Define the term 'Appetite' as described in the lecture.

The primarily physiological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food, often in the absence of obvious hunger.

What is 'satiety' and where are the centers that regulate it located?

A feeling of satisfaction that temporarily halts the desire to eat; regulated by the feeding and satiety centers in the hypothalamus.

According to the 'COVID Corner', what is the risk of contracting the virus from food products or packaging?

There is likely very low risk because the virus dies off rapidly on most surfaces.

What is the scientific definition of 'Nutrition'?

The science that links foods to health, including the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, usage, and excretion of food substances.

What are the three characteristics required for a substance to be considered an essential nutrient?

(1) Identification of a specific biological function; (2) Omission leads to a decline in biological functions; (3) Replacing the nutrient restores those functions before permanent damage occurs.

What are the six classes of nutrients found in food?

Carbohydrates, lipids (fats & oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water.

Which nutrients are classified as 'macronutrients'?

The energy-yielding nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and protein) and water.

How much energy is provided by carbohydrates per gram?

$$4\,\text{kcal/g}$$

How much energy is provided by lipids per gram?

$$9\,\text{kcal/g}$$

How much energy is provided by proteins per gram?

$$4\,\text{kcal/g}$$

Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?

Vitamin A, D, E, and K.

What is the difference between major minerals and trace minerals?

Major minerals require more than $100\,\text{mg}$ daily, while trace minerals require less than $100\,\text{mg}$.

What is the recommended daily water intake for men and women?

Average men should consume $13\,\text{cups}$ and women should consume $9\,\text{cups}$.

What are phytochemicals and what is their status as nutrients?

Chemicals found in plants that may reduce the risk of cancer or cardiovascular disease; the transcript states they are considered essential nutrients but provide significant health benefits.

Define a 'calorie' as a measure of heat energy.

The amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of $1\,\text{g}$ of water by $1\,^{\circ}\text{C}$.

By definition, how many calories are in one kilocalorie (kcal)?

$$1000\,\text{calories}$$

What was the estimated percentage of obese adults in the U.S. in 2015–2016?

$$39.8\,\%$$

What is the BMI definition for adult obesity?

A BMI of $30$ or higher.

What percentage of their calories do North American adults typically consume from protein, carbohydrates, and fats?

$16\,\%$ from protein, $48\,\%$ from carbohydrates, and $34\,\%$ from fats.

According to the transcript, how much alcohol does a gram of alcohol supply?

About $7\,\text{kcal/g}$

Define 'binge drinking' as described in the lecture.

A pattern of drinking that causes Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) to rise above $0.08\,\%$; usually $5$ or more drinks for men and $4$ or more drinks for women in about $2\,\text{hours}$.

Define 'heavy drinking' as described in the lecture.

Consuming $15$ or more drinks per week for men and $8$ or more drinks per week for women.