Exam 3: Motives, Emotions, Cognition, and Personality

Needs

Basic requirements for survival and well-being.

Motives

Internal states directing behavior towards goals.

Implicit Goals

Non-conscious objectives influencing behavior.

Explicit Goals

Conscious objectives that guide actions.

Short-term Goals

Immediate objectives to achieve in the near future.

Long-term Goals

Aspirations set for the distant future.

Judgment Goals

Aiming to validate personal attributes.

Development Goals

Seeking self-improvement and personal growth.

Murray's Theory

Focuses on needs influencing behavior.

McClelland's Theory

Emphasizes achievement, affiliation, and power motives.

Maslow's Hierarchy

Framework categorizing human needs from basic to complex.

Activation of Needs

Frustration triggers the need for fulfillment.

State of Tension

Internal pressure driving the fulfillment of needs.

Biological Deficiency

Physical imbalance prompting a need.

Psychological Deficiency

Mental imbalance leading to motivational states.

Personality Definition

Traits and mechanisms influencing individual interactions.

Strategies

Methods used to achieve goals.

Goal-Strategy Relationship

Goals require strategies for effective attainment.

Frustration Impact

Lack of goal attainment leads to decreased motivation.

Hierarchical Goal Arrangement

Organizing short-term goals under long-term objectives.

Flexibility in Goals

Adaptability prevents rigidity in goal pursuit.

Entity Theory

Belief in fixed personal attributes.

Incremental Theory

Belief in the ability to develop traits.

Growth mindset

Belief in potential for long-term improvement.

Henry Murray

Physician and psychologist known for needs theory.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Projective test assessing needs through storytelling.

Needs

Readiness to respond based on circumstances.

Press

Environmental factors influencing needs and motives.

Alpha Press

Objective reality in a person's environment.

Beta Press

Subjective perception of environmental reality.

Apperception

Interpreting and making meaning of the environment.

David McClelland

Psychologist known for the Big Three motives.

Need for Achievement (nAch)

Desire for mastery and success in tasks.

Need for Power (nPow)

Desire to influence and impact others.

Need for Intimacy (nInt)

Desire for close, warm relationships.

Goldilocks zone of achievement

Optimal challenge level for task engagement.

Key satisfactions of achievement

Accomplishment and engaging with challenges.

Key satisfactions of power

Respect and admiration from others.

Key satisfactions of intimacy

Emotional closeness and meaningful connections.

Abraham Maslow

Psychologist known for hierarchy of needs.

Maslow's Hierarchy

Pyramid of human needs from basic to self-actualization.

Self-actualization

Realizing and fulfilling one's potential.

Criticisms of Maslow

Lack of empirical support and rigid ordering.

Strengths of Maslow

Positive aspects of humanistic psychology validated.

Emotions

High-arousal reactions to specific stimuli.

Moods

Mild, longer-lasting emotional states.

Characterizing Emotions

Includes subjective experience and physiological changes.

Function

Emotions react to events, internal or external.

State

Emotions experienced at a specific moment.

Traits

Emotions experienced over a longer timespan.

Appraisal

Cognitive identification of emotional stimuli.

Physiological Responses

Physical changes like heart rate and sweating.

Facial Expressions

Visible reactions like shock or wide eyes.

Nonverbal Behaviors

Actions indicating emotional states, like moving away.

Motives

Biological and psychological needs driving behavior.

Categorical Emotions

Distinct emotions identified by Ekman et al.

Dimensional Emotions

Emotions compared along psychological dimensions.

Individual Differences

Variability in emotional experiences and reactions.

Intensity

Strength of emotions correlating with outcomes.

Change

Variability in interpersonal emotional problems.

Happiness

Overall life satisfaction and domain-specific satisfaction.

Well-Being

Hedonic pleasure seeking versus eudaimonic meaningfulness.

Sources of Happiness

Influenced by genetics, traits, and intentional activities.

Consequences of Happiness

Positive and negative effects on life outcomes.

Upsides of Happiness

Motivation, health benefits, and fewer negative outcomes.

Downsides of Happiness

Risk blindness and interpersonal problems from pursuit.

Group-level Differences

Variations in happiness across age, gender, SES.

Cognition

Mental processes for knowledge and understanding.

Perception

Initial processing of detected stimuli.

Interpretation

Making sense of information through mental operations.

Beliefs

Internal convictions based on experience and culture.

Schemas

Cognitive structures organizing knowledge and interpretation.

Priming

Stimulus exposure influencing later responses.

Scripts

Cognitive frameworks guiding behavior in situations.

Mental Blueprints

Guides for navigating social scenarios automatically.

Primal World Beliefs

Influences from past experiences and cultural norms.

Cognitive-Experiential Self Theory

Dual processing of analytical and intuitive thought.

Dual Process Theory

Two systems: analytical (slow) and intuitive (fast).

Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)

Focus on individual interpretation of experiences.

Person Variables

Self-regulatory systems interacting within cognitive processes.

Encoding Strategies

Categories for perceiving self, people, and situations.

Expectancies and Beliefs

Anticipated outcomes and self-efficacy in situations.

Affects

Emotional traits and physiological reactions to stimuli.

Goals and Values

Personal significance attached to rewards and outcomes.

Competencies

Skills and abilities determining potential and self-regulation.

If… Then Conditions

Unique behavioral signatures based on situational responses.

Cybernetic Theory

Study of self-regulating systems through feedback loops.

Goal-Directed Behavior

Actions aimed at achieving specific objectives.

Feedback

Information used to adjust behavior and strategies.

Self-Regulation

Controlling behavior to meet personal goals.

Values

Stable beliefs about what is important in life.

Influence of Values

Guide behavior and decision-making processes.

Stability of Values

Values change due to life events and contexts.

Moral Knowledge Tests

Assessments revealing situational variability in behavior.

Rockeach's Value Types

Differentiates between terminal and instrumental values.

Terminal Values

Desired end-states that are broad and long-term.

Instrumental Values

Preferred behaviors for achieving desired outcomes.

Moral

Behavior reflecting societal notions of right and wrong.

Competence

Abilities linked to personal success and self-efficacy.

Rokeach Values Survey

Assessment tool for individual value prioritization.